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Downloaded from
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Official YIFY movies site:
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♪

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JANE WILLENBRING:
The word that people often use
is that I was "triggered."

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I had a three-year-old daughter,

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and she came to the lab
with me one weekend.

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I had told her that I was a
scientist before,

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00:01:01,337 --> 00:01:04,271
and I don't think it
had really clicked in her mind

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that I was actually a scientist.
[laughs]

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And so she came
to the lab with me,

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and I had my booties,

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and I was wearing a Tyvek suit,
gloves, and goggles--

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the whole getup.

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And she looked at me,
and she was just, like,

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"You really are a scientist,
Mommy."

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And then she said, "I want to be
a scientist just like you."

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And that was the
horrible, like...

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[laughs]

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...sort of lose-it triggering
moment that I have ever had.

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And, um...

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I actually...
[clears throat]

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...started crying
at the time.

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And I, you know, she's three,

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so she doesn't understand
why I'm crying.

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And so I told her that they
were happy tears.

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But they weren't just
happy tears.

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I was thinking about someone
treating her like trash

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00:02:06,540 --> 00:02:10,026
in 20 years, like I had
been treated like trash.

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The one thing that I could do to
help her the most

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is to try and make the whole
enterprise

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something that is welcoming
to women,

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and that was something
that I hadn't done.

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♪

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WOMAN:
We all have images in our head.

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We have images of

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what a woman is like,
what a man is like.

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When you ask somebody,

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"Draw a picture of a scientist,"
it used to be

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all men.

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♪

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WOMAN:
We were just trying to be
scientists.

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We certainly didn't want
to be seen

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as troublemakers or activists.

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♪

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WOMAN:
The big picture is that women

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are extraordinarily
underrepresented in science.

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WOMAN:
The message that's given
is that

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you somehow don't belong here.

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WOMAN:
There's a playbook,
and it was written by men.

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And the men pick up on it.

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They know what the plays are,

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and I always felt I didn't have
the playbook.

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[chuckles]:
You know, I'm just sort of
feeling my way

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through this, this game.

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♪

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[car horns, distant traffic]

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NANCY HOPKINS:
There's your standard
striped version.

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00:04:03,139 --> 00:04:06,970
Beautiful,
beautiful little fish.

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00:04:07,039 --> 00:04:12,562
And if you see,
the males are very slender,

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00:04:12,631 --> 00:04:17,533
and the females
have the large belly.

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00:04:17,602 --> 00:04:19,707
Generally a good sign

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00:04:19,776 --> 00:04:23,746
they're going to lay eggs.

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♪

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I'm Nancy Hopkins, and I was
professor of biology

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at M.I.T. for 40 years,

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00:04:35,965 --> 00:04:39,762
and I retired three years ago.

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[chuckles]:
Ah-hah, this is a picture
of Greta.

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00:04:45,733 --> 00:04:47,873
So this was, this was the first
experiment we did,

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really, in zebra fish.

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We were still just learning
the system.

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At the time,
I was taking care of the fish,

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so I was in the fish room,
like...

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I was literally in the lab
365 days of the year.

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This is actually looking down
on a fish embryo.

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And about this time,
there's about a thousand cells.

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I think about a thousand.

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And four of those thousand cells
are going to go

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and become the sperm or the eggs
of that fish,

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and those are the four cells.
[chuckles]

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00:05:18,283 --> 00:05:20,043
And then they begin to divide.

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00:05:20,112 --> 00:05:24,910
When I was about ten,
my mother got cancer.

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In that generation, the word
"cancer" was so terrifying,

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you didn't say the word.

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And so she was terrified,

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and that certainly made a big
impression on me,

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and I'm sure that's partly why
I was interested

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in cancer research later on.

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I went to a small, private
girls' school in Manhattan.

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They didn't teach a lot of math
and science

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00:05:50,039 --> 00:05:51,696
to girls in my generation,

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because people thought girls
didn't like

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or need much math or science,

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but I took everything they
offered and loved all of it.

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♪

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I went to Radcliffe.

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00:06:02,603 --> 00:06:05,295
I was 16, I guess,
when I started.

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00:06:05,365 --> 00:06:07,401
In the spring of junior year,

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00:06:07,470 --> 00:06:10,577
I signed up for this course
called Bio 2.

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00:06:10,646 --> 00:06:14,235
Jim Watson came in, and one hour
later,

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I was a different person.

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He and Francis Crick had won
a Nobel Prize

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00:06:19,965 --> 00:06:22,174
for discovering the structure
of DNA.

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♪

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This genetics,
this molecular biology,

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it was the answer to all
of the questions

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I'd ever had about everything;
this is what life is,

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this is how it works.

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It's going to explain

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everything that living things do
and can do.

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I couldn't imagine going on
without being near this science.

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I just had to be near this.

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I started working in
Jim Watson's lab

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as an undergraduate.

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It was absolutely thrilling, and
I thought, "Well, I'm happy."

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♪

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00:07:01,904 --> 00:07:05,528
However, there was this odd,
funny thing that happened.

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Francis Crick was coming
to visit the lab,

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and he was going to give a talk.

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And this was enormously
exciting, because, of course,

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Jim just thought Francis
was a genius.

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I thought Jim was a genius.

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Jim thought Francis was a
genius--

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00:07:17,264 --> 00:07:19,231
wow, how smart could this guy
be?

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00:07:19,300 --> 00:07:22,442
So I was very excited Francis
was coming,

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and I was sitting at my desk
in this little lab,

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which was adjacent to
Jim's office.

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And the door flies open.

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I was in the room alone, and
there's standing Francis Crick.

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He comes flying across the room,

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puts his hands on my chest
and breasts,

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and says,
"What are you working on?"

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00:07:42,185 --> 00:07:43,255
You know, looks at my notebook

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00:07:43,324 --> 00:07:45,050
and says,
"What are you working on?"

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And I was so startled,

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I didn't quite know
what to say or do.

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So I sort of straightened up and
said, "Oh, well, here,

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00:07:53,783 --> 00:07:55,820
"let me show you this,
I'm doing this experiment.

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00:07:55,889 --> 00:07:58,754
Somehow, this,
I'm trying to do this."

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00:07:58,823 --> 00:08:01,066
And at the time, the word
"sexual harassment"

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00:08:01,135 --> 00:08:05,001
didn't exist-- it
wouldn't have crossed my mind.

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00:08:05,070 --> 00:08:07,487
So I just didn't want to make
a fuss.

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00:08:07,556 --> 00:08:08,695
I didn't want Francis to be
embarrassed.

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00:08:08,764 --> 00:08:12,043
I didn't want Jim to be
embarrassed.

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I just tried to pretend nothing
had happened.

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00:08:21,328 --> 00:08:26,160
[seagulls squawking]

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00:08:32,822 --> 00:08:34,997
[keys jingle]

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Not losing the keys to the car

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is the most important part
of field work.

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[laughs]

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And hiking.

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This is an area of coastline in
California

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00:08:50,737 --> 00:08:55,086
that is really being impacted
by cliff retreat.

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We're really interested in

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00:09:03,094 --> 00:09:05,683
figuring out how fast

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00:09:05,752 --> 00:09:07,857
sea level rise is going
to impact

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00:09:07,926 --> 00:09:10,411
the coastal zones.

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♪

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I'm Jane Willenbring.

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00:09:14,519 --> 00:09:17,418
I'm an associate professor
at Scripps Institution

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00:09:17,487 --> 00:09:19,869
of Oceanography,
which is part of U.C. San Diego.

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♪

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One of the things that I think
is great about being someone

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00:09:24,840 --> 00:09:29,499
who studies how landscapes
change over time

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is that it is so incredibly
important

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for maintaining our way of life,
basically.

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♪

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One of the ways that we're
trying to create resilience

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00:09:41,615 --> 00:09:46,033
and adaptability to climate
change impact

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is through figuring out what
will happen to

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coastal areas.

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One of the things that

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drew me to Earth science

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when I was starting my degree
was, you get to use

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all of the different kinds
of science

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00:10:01,497 --> 00:10:06,536
to really understand how we are
impacting the Earth,

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00:10:06,606 --> 00:10:08,159
and people were arguing
at the time

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about whether there was going to
be this massive deglaciation

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00:10:12,370 --> 00:10:16,305
of East Antarctica
if we warmed the Earth

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00:10:16,374 --> 00:10:18,583
just a couple of degrees.

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00:10:18,652 --> 00:10:23,243
Field work in Antarctica seemed
like a perfect, you know,

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00:10:23,312 --> 00:10:25,866
trajectory for my science life.

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00:10:36,877 --> 00:10:38,430
I decided to go to

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00:10:38,499 --> 00:10:42,365
Boston University to get
a master's degree.

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00:10:42,434 --> 00:10:45,506
I started the program in 1999.

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00:10:45,575 --> 00:10:47,094
I was going to work with
Dave Marchant,

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00:10:47,163 --> 00:10:53,514
looking at the glacial history
of a part of East Antarctica.

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00:10:53,583 --> 00:10:56,310
He was a really important person
in the field.

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00:10:56,379 --> 00:11:00,211
He even had a glacier named
after him.

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00:11:00,280 --> 00:11:03,663
And I was incredibly thrilled
to get the opportunity to go.

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00:11:03,732 --> 00:11:06,424
It was like a dream come true,
actually.

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00:11:09,876 --> 00:11:13,638
So we were going to head out
in the field in early December.

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00:11:13,707 --> 00:11:17,573
It actually takes a long time
to even get there.

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00:11:17,642 --> 00:11:21,473
We went from Boston to
New Zealand,

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00:11:21,542 --> 00:11:24,131
New Zealand to McMurdo,
and then finally,

195
00:11:24,200 --> 00:11:27,790
we go out with all of our tents
via helicopter

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00:11:27,859 --> 00:11:31,035
into the field,
and then we were

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00:11:31,104 --> 00:11:34,348
just there.

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00:11:34,417 --> 00:11:38,007
It's such an incredibly
blue sky--

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00:11:38,076 --> 00:11:39,802
the bluest sky, maybe,

200
00:11:39,871 --> 00:11:42,356
that I've ever seen in my life.

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00:11:42,425 --> 00:11:43,633
You just have rock

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00:11:43,703 --> 00:11:47,672
and mountains and ice as far
as you can see.

203
00:11:50,295 --> 00:11:51,883
It is like nowhere else.

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00:11:51,952 --> 00:11:55,818
There were four people
in the group.

205
00:11:55,887 --> 00:11:59,235
So there was Dave Marchant,
his brother, and then also

206
00:11:59,304 --> 00:12:01,893
a master's student from the
University of Maine,

207
00:12:01,962 --> 00:12:04,516
Adam Lewis.

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00:12:04,585 --> 00:12:07,761
The order of things,
in, in some cases,

209
00:12:07,830 --> 00:12:09,832
is quite jumbled in my mind.

210
00:12:11,903 --> 00:12:16,390
I do know that there was a
definite break between

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00:12:16,459 --> 00:12:18,151
when we were in, even McMurdo,

212
00:12:18,220 --> 00:12:20,394
when we were surrounded by
other scientists

213
00:12:20,463 --> 00:12:24,398
and program officers from the
National Science Foundation.

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00:12:24,467 --> 00:12:27,781
And it wasn't until we got
to the field

215
00:12:27,850 --> 00:12:30,128
that sort of
the filters were off.

216
00:12:30,197 --> 00:12:32,752
There was some
"Saturday Night Live" skit.

217
00:12:32,821 --> 00:12:35,409
Jane, you ignorant slut.

218
00:12:35,478 --> 00:12:37,929
[laughter]

219
00:12:37,998 --> 00:12:42,071
WILLENBRING:
Dave would start off from that
sort of pop-culture reference

220
00:12:42,140 --> 00:12:46,282
to just calling me a slut, and
then "slut" went to "whore,"

221
00:12:46,351 --> 00:12:47,594
and then "whore" went to
[bleep].

222
00:12:47,663 --> 00:12:50,735
♪

223
00:12:50,804 --> 00:12:54,152
We'd have to deal with all of
these stories

224
00:12:54,221 --> 00:12:56,396
about how slutty I was,

225
00:12:56,465 --> 00:12:59,364
and how I'd be good for
this person,

226
00:12:59,433 --> 00:13:02,954
who is a helicopter pilot, or
this person, who is his brother.

227
00:13:03,023 --> 00:13:06,855
And I just wanted to talk
about science.

228
00:13:06,924 --> 00:13:10,962
♪

229
00:13:11,031 --> 00:13:13,931
At one point,
he decided to just,

230
00:13:14,000 --> 00:13:17,106
every time that I had to go
to the bathroom,

231
00:13:17,175 --> 00:13:20,558
just throw rocks at me.

232
00:13:20,627 --> 00:13:24,113
Little tiny pebbles most
of the time.

233
00:13:24,182 --> 00:13:27,254
So there are no trees to hide
behind,

234
00:13:27,323 --> 00:13:30,637
no bushes or anything like that.

235
00:13:30,706 --> 00:13:33,122
It was so embarrassing and

236
00:13:33,191 --> 00:13:38,956
demeaning, and so I stopped...

237
00:13:39,025 --> 00:13:42,994
I stopped drinking water during
the day

238
00:13:43,063 --> 00:13:46,032
so that I wouldn't have to go
to the bathroom as much,

239
00:13:46,101 --> 00:13:50,657
and I ended up getting
a bladder infection.

240
00:13:50,726 --> 00:13:54,040
And eventually, there was blood
in my urine,

241
00:13:54,109 --> 00:13:58,976
and I've actually had, had
sort of bladder problems

242
00:13:59,045 --> 00:14:02,496
ever since that time.

243
00:14:02,565 --> 00:14:05,051
[wind howling]

244
00:14:05,120 --> 00:14:09,365
We were looking for ash inside
of these belts of sediment

245
00:14:09,434 --> 00:14:15,164
and, and boulders that form on
the margins of glaciers.

246
00:14:15,233 --> 00:14:18,650
These ashes can be dated,
and so they're great to find.

247
00:14:18,719 --> 00:14:24,242
So he had a little bit of ash
on this little metal scoop.

248
00:14:24,311 --> 00:14:25,554
He motioned to lean in.

249
00:14:25,623 --> 00:14:30,145
And so I looked, got down really
close to be able to see

250
00:14:30,214 --> 00:14:33,734
the individual crystals
in the ash.

251
00:14:33,803 --> 00:14:36,496
And at that point,

252
00:14:36,565 --> 00:14:41,328
he just breathed onto the spoon
really quickly,

253
00:14:41,397 --> 00:14:46,333
and the glass shards went
into my eyes.

254
00:14:46,402 --> 00:14:49,681
While I was doubled over in
pain,

255
00:14:49,750 --> 00:14:52,098
Dave looked at everybody and
sort of shrugged and said,

256
00:14:52,167 --> 00:14:54,514
"Oops, that went a little
too far."

257
00:14:56,965 --> 00:15:01,659
I remember I was trying to get
up a really steep slope.

258
00:15:01,728 --> 00:15:05,456
It was covered with moveable
debris.

259
00:15:05,525 --> 00:15:08,942
So every time I would try to
take a couple of steps up,

260
00:15:09,011 --> 00:15:13,153
I would just naturally slide
down one step worth.

261
00:15:13,222 --> 00:15:15,086
So it was incredibly frustrating

262
00:15:15,155 --> 00:15:18,089
to go up and down this thing.

263
00:15:18,158 --> 00:15:21,437
Dave was at the top
at one point,

264
00:15:21,506 --> 00:15:23,336
and I had just gotten about

265
00:15:23,405 --> 00:15:25,752
three-quarters of the way
up the hill,

266
00:15:25,821 --> 00:15:30,584
and he grabbed
the back of my backpack

267
00:15:30,653 --> 00:15:33,242
and just pushed me down
the hill.

268
00:15:35,141 --> 00:15:38,903
I remember just sort of weeping

269
00:15:38,972 --> 00:15:42,458
at the bottom of this hill.

270
00:15:42,527 --> 00:15:44,874
And I just decided at that
moment

271
00:15:44,944 --> 00:15:50,363
to just sort of let everything
kind of wash over me

272
00:15:50,432 --> 00:15:57,197
and that I was just going
to decide to do something later.

273
00:15:57,266 --> 00:16:03,583
♪

274
00:16:03,652 --> 00:16:06,620
I didn't know how long that
later would be,

275
00:16:06,689 --> 00:16:11,453
because my future was still
in his hands.

276
00:16:11,522 --> 00:16:16,182
After we got back and then the
year after.

277
00:16:16,251 --> 00:16:19,495
And so it just became sort of
this, like, later, like,

278
00:16:19,564 --> 00:16:21,635
this point on the horizon.

279
00:16:21,704 --> 00:16:26,502
♪

280
00:16:33,026 --> 00:16:37,065
[indistinct chatter]

281
00:16:42,208 --> 00:16:44,624
MAN:
I'd like to welcome all of you
to this convocation

282
00:16:44,693 --> 00:16:47,834
on a most important topic.

283
00:16:47,903 --> 00:16:50,664
Together, we can do better,
certainly,

284
00:16:50,733 --> 00:16:53,115
addressing sexual harassment.

285
00:17:00,260 --> 00:17:01,710
PAULA JOHNSON:
The best estimates are, about

286
00:17:01,779 --> 00:17:06,542
50% of women faculty and staff

287
00:17:06,611 --> 00:17:09,235
experience sexual harassment,

288
00:17:09,304 --> 00:17:14,102
and those numbers have
not really shifted over time.

289
00:17:14,171 --> 00:17:15,827
If you think about science,

290
00:17:15,896 --> 00:17:19,797
right now, we have a system that
is built on dependence,

291
00:17:19,866 --> 00:17:22,731
really singular dependence,
of trainees,

292
00:17:22,800 --> 00:17:25,147
whether they are medical
students,

293
00:17:25,216 --> 00:17:29,048
whether they are undergraduates,
or if they're graduate students,

294
00:17:29,117 --> 00:17:32,223
on faculty for their funding,
for their futures.

295
00:17:32,292 --> 00:17:34,881
And that really sets up
a dynamic

296
00:17:34,950 --> 00:17:37,918
that is highly problematic.

297
00:17:37,987 --> 00:17:40,024
It really creates an environment

298
00:17:40,093 --> 00:17:43,269
in which harassment can occur.

299
00:17:43,338 --> 00:17:46,237
Generally speaking, sexual forms
of sexual harassment--

300
00:17:46,306 --> 00:17:49,033
like come-ons,
unwanted sexual advances--

301
00:17:49,102 --> 00:17:51,760
those are actually the rarest
forms of sexual harassment.

302
00:17:51,829 --> 00:17:53,313
They actually don't happen
very much.

303
00:17:53,382 --> 00:17:55,350
Mostly you see put-downs.

304
00:17:57,559 --> 00:18:01,597
JOHNSON:
We use the metaphor of an
iceberg to really get across

305
00:18:01,666 --> 00:18:06,533
the various forms of
sexual harassment.

306
00:18:06,602 --> 00:18:08,811
What's gotten most of the
attention

307
00:18:08,880 --> 00:18:13,092
is unwanted sexual attention,
coercion.

308
00:18:13,161 --> 00:18:15,059
Those are in the public eye,

309
00:18:15,128 --> 00:18:16,716
and I think everyone would agree

310
00:18:16,785 --> 00:18:19,236
we absolutely need
to address those.

311
00:18:19,305 --> 00:18:22,618
CLANCY:
And then you have all the stuff
that's underneath.

312
00:18:22,687 --> 00:18:25,656
Those are actually more than 90%
of the sexual harassment.

313
00:18:25,725 --> 00:18:27,727
You know,
the subtle exclusions,

314
00:18:27,796 --> 00:18:29,280
being left off an email,

315
00:18:29,349 --> 00:18:30,557
not being invited to a
collaboration

316
00:18:30,626 --> 00:18:32,697
where you're the clear expert.

317
00:18:32,766 --> 00:18:35,286
Just these little moments that
make a woman feel

318
00:18:35,355 --> 00:18:38,738
like she doesn't belong, that's
a really common experience.

319
00:18:41,050 --> 00:18:44,778
JOHNSON:
We found that consistent
gender harassment

320
00:18:44,847 --> 00:18:49,783
actually has the same impact
as a single episode

321
00:18:49,852 --> 00:18:54,961
of unwanted sexual attention
or coercion.

322
00:18:55,030 --> 00:18:58,896
So it is not something
to be ignored.

323
00:19:08,319 --> 00:19:11,978
[birds chirping]

324
00:19:18,226 --> 00:19:19,813
RAYCHELLE BURKS:
This is our shared lab facility.

325
00:19:19,882 --> 00:19:22,954
So all of the chemistry
professors

326
00:19:23,023 --> 00:19:26,406
have lab space,
some corner of it, here.

327
00:19:26,475 --> 00:19:33,275
♪

328
00:19:33,344 --> 00:19:35,277
I'm Raychelle Burks.

329
00:19:35,346 --> 00:19:37,728
I am an assistant professor
of chemistry.

330
00:19:37,797 --> 00:19:41,490
So we make sensor arrays.

331
00:19:41,559 --> 00:19:45,494
When they're exposed
to different environments,

332
00:19:45,563 --> 00:19:48,670
they have chemical reactions
that they'll undergo.

333
00:19:48,739 --> 00:19:51,224
So it might be something

334
00:19:51,293 --> 00:19:54,123
like phenolphthalein,

335
00:19:54,193 --> 00:19:55,539
which, anyone who's watched,
like, the crime shows,

336
00:19:55,608 --> 00:19:57,265
and it's, like,
"We found this," you know...

337
00:19:57,334 --> 00:19:59,922
They swab something, and then
it's, like, drop, drop,

338
00:19:59,991 --> 00:20:02,822
another bottle, drop, and
they're, like, "It's blood."

339
00:20:02,891 --> 00:20:06,308
And it's gone from being
colorless to being bright pink.

340
00:20:06,377 --> 00:20:08,828
The things I'm trying to find
are usually

341
00:20:08,897 --> 00:20:10,623
the nefarious things.

342
00:20:10,692 --> 00:20:13,350
So biological and chemical
weapons, explosives.

343
00:20:13,419 --> 00:20:16,939
I design systems to find those.

344
00:20:17,008 --> 00:20:18,665
The types of tests I'm building

345
00:20:18,734 --> 00:20:22,911
are for natural disaster/
war zone situations,

346
00:20:22,980 --> 00:20:26,432
where you're trying to do
a quick screen.

347
00:20:26,501 --> 00:20:28,710
And it could be Hurricane Maria
or Hurricane Harvey.

348
00:20:28,779 --> 00:20:30,574
Especially Flint.

349
00:20:30,643 --> 00:20:33,404
NEWS ANCHOR:
Flint residents filed a federal
lawsuit accusing

350
00:20:33,473 --> 00:20:36,545
the city and state of
endangering their health

351
00:20:36,614 --> 00:20:37,891
by exposing them to dangerous
lead levels

352
00:20:37,960 --> 00:20:39,928
in their town water...

353
00:20:39,997 --> 00:20:42,862
NEWS ANCHOR:
Flood waters in New Orleans are
full of sewage and bacteria

354
00:20:42,931 --> 00:20:45,036
that can make people sick.

355
00:20:45,105 --> 00:20:48,039
Federal officials joined local
agencies in urging...

356
00:20:48,108 --> 00:20:49,938
You know, from a social justice
angle,

357
00:20:50,007 --> 00:20:52,734
people still need some kind of
testing metric

358
00:20:52,803 --> 00:20:54,045
and to get an answer,

359
00:20:54,114 --> 00:20:56,531
especially in that kind of
environment.

360
00:20:56,600 --> 00:20:58,981
You know, is there some type
of test

361
00:20:59,050 --> 00:21:02,744
where you're not pricing
the user out of it?

362
00:21:04,849 --> 00:21:06,403
That's what my group does.

363
00:21:06,472 --> 00:21:09,923
By using all of this information
and statistics,

364
00:21:09,992 --> 00:21:11,235
get to the point where

365
00:21:11,304 --> 00:21:14,100
the final product,
we hand it off to the user,

366
00:21:14,169 --> 00:21:18,138
and what they get is
a simple-to-use test.

367
00:21:18,207 --> 00:21:19,899
Like, kind of on the pregnancy
test, where it's, like,

368
00:21:19,968 --> 00:21:22,108
"Okay, so double lines
means...

369
00:21:22,177 --> 00:21:23,868
What again?
Single line means..."

370
00:21:23,937 --> 00:21:25,145
You know, like...
[laughs]

371
00:21:25,214 --> 00:21:28,010
But you have, like,
that little diagram.

372
00:21:30,461 --> 00:21:32,774
I grew up in the L.A. area.

373
00:21:32,843 --> 00:21:35,915
Very big high school, 3,000.

374
00:21:35,984 --> 00:21:39,367
And the classes are packed.

375
00:21:39,436 --> 00:21:43,336
I don't remember any teacher in
high school being, like,

376
00:21:43,405 --> 00:21:46,408
"You can do it,"
in the sciences in any way,

377
00:21:46,477 --> 00:21:49,584
but I just kept showing up.

378
00:21:49,653 --> 00:21:52,483
It's funny, a lot of the
scientists I think of

379
00:21:52,552 --> 00:21:55,175
growing up are actually
fictional characters.

380
00:21:55,244 --> 00:21:58,800
"STAR TREK" NARRATOR:
To boldly go where no man has
gone before.

381
00:21:58,869 --> 00:22:00,940
Like, Uhura was a scientist.

382
00:22:01,009 --> 00:22:02,838
Progress report.

383
00:22:02,907 --> 00:22:06,255
I'm connecting the bypass
circuit now, sir.

384
00:22:06,325 --> 00:22:07,636
BURKS:
And she was in charge of comms,

385
00:22:07,705 --> 00:22:09,776
but really, she was a scientist.

386
00:22:12,192 --> 00:22:14,056
Going through college,
you know,

387
00:22:14,125 --> 00:22:17,543
there were no Black women
chemistry professors

388
00:22:17,612 --> 00:22:19,096
that I had.

389
00:22:19,165 --> 00:22:20,856
I heard that they existed,
though.

390
00:22:20,925 --> 00:22:22,789
[laughs]:
But I never had any.

391
00:22:25,413 --> 00:22:28,208
I went to get a PhD in chemistry

392
00:22:28,277 --> 00:22:30,279
so I would have
more employment options.

393
00:22:30,349 --> 00:22:34,801
♪

394
00:22:41,601 --> 00:22:44,846
There are lots of things I love
about the sciences

395
00:22:44,915 --> 00:22:47,711
and I love about academia
and my job.

396
00:22:47,780 --> 00:22:50,955
But then there's also some
real bull[bleep].

397
00:22:51,024 --> 00:22:53,268
♪

398
00:22:53,337 --> 00:22:54,821
In academia,

399
00:22:54,890 --> 00:22:57,306
as women of color,

400
00:22:57,376 --> 00:22:59,378
we're going to have different
types of abuse

401
00:22:59,447 --> 00:23:01,518
from different people.

402
00:23:01,587 --> 00:23:03,727
I remember when I was in my
office once,

403
00:23:03,796 --> 00:23:06,488
sitting at my desk,
at my computer.

404
00:23:06,557 --> 00:23:08,973
Like, I've got, you know,
papers spread out.

405
00:23:09,042 --> 00:23:11,700
And someone comes into my
office, and for some reason,

406
00:23:11,769 --> 00:23:13,219
assumes I'm the janitor.

407
00:23:17,637 --> 00:23:19,536
I mean, I've been in meetings

408
00:23:19,605 --> 00:23:21,330
where you've made a suggestion

409
00:23:21,400 --> 00:23:22,884
or said,
"Well, what about this?"

410
00:23:22,953 --> 00:23:25,404
And it was like
you'd never spoke at all.

411
00:23:25,473 --> 00:23:29,028
But if a white guy says it,
you're, like...

412
00:23:29,097 --> 00:23:30,823
And now it'll magically be
heard, everybody watch this.

413
00:23:35,690 --> 00:23:37,692
Sometimes you get these critical
emails,

414
00:23:37,761 --> 00:23:39,452
and criticism is something that,
as a scientist,

415
00:23:39,521 --> 00:23:41,212
you have to get used to.

416
00:23:41,281 --> 00:23:43,422
But I think it's,
is it appropriate?

417
00:23:43,491 --> 00:23:44,561
There's been some cases where
I'm, like,

418
00:23:44,630 --> 00:23:46,839
"Wow, this is wildly
inappropriate."

419
00:23:51,464 --> 00:23:52,948
You don't get to just

420
00:23:53,017 --> 00:23:54,571
say what you'd really want
to say.

421
00:23:54,640 --> 00:23:57,056
Like, "How dare you?"

422
00:23:57,125 --> 00:23:58,609
I'm going to be seen as, like,

423
00:23:58,678 --> 00:24:01,750
the angry Black woman trope
anyway, but you have to, like,

424
00:24:01,819 --> 00:24:03,959
"Okay, how do I minimize that?"

425
00:24:04,028 --> 00:24:06,755
So you spend all this time
trying to craft a response

426
00:24:06,824 --> 00:24:09,551
or an approach of how to, like,
deal with it.

427
00:24:09,620 --> 00:24:12,692
It may not seem like
a long time-- five minutes,

428
00:24:12,761 --> 00:24:14,245
ten minutes, 15 minutes,
20 minutes.

429
00:24:14,314 --> 00:24:17,421
And I think about all of that
time added up.

430
00:24:17,490 --> 00:24:19,492
That's time I'm not spending

431
00:24:19,561 --> 00:24:22,081
on grants, on writing papers,

432
00:24:22,150 --> 00:24:24,324
on networking with my peers,

433
00:24:24,393 --> 00:24:26,534
on just doing research with my
students,

434
00:24:26,603 --> 00:24:30,365
because I'm trying to navigate
these oppressive systems

435
00:24:30,434 --> 00:24:34,231
that people who are not in the
marginalized communities,

436
00:24:34,300 --> 00:24:37,924
not only do they not have to do
that, they don't even...

437
00:24:37,993 --> 00:24:39,823
It doesn't even register.

438
00:24:39,892 --> 00:24:41,859
It's not something that they
even think about,

439
00:24:41,928 --> 00:24:44,655
let alone it being a time suck
in their schedule.

440
00:24:44,724 --> 00:24:47,658
♪

441
00:24:47,727 --> 00:24:50,350
You have to remember that,
because I'm, like...

442
00:24:50,419 --> 00:24:53,733
[whispers]:
"How's this person, like, able
to do, like, all this stuff?"

443
00:24:53,802 --> 00:24:56,149
And then you're, like, "Oh."
[laughs]

444
00:24:56,218 --> 00:24:59,290
"That's because they're not
having to do any of that stuff."

445
00:24:59,359 --> 00:25:00,913
You know, and that's, that's
the other thing

446
00:25:00,982 --> 00:25:04,330
you have to kind of remember.

447
00:25:04,399 --> 00:25:08,507
♪

448
00:25:18,344 --> 00:25:19,725
HOPKINS:
When you're starting out in
science,

449
00:25:19,794 --> 00:25:22,555
it's kind of like getting
an airplane up off the ground,

450
00:25:22,624 --> 00:25:23,556
you know, you've got to get...

451
00:25:23,625 --> 00:25:25,627
You've got to get going.

452
00:25:25,696 --> 00:25:27,629
Make enough discoveries

453
00:25:27,698 --> 00:25:30,805
that you can become known.

454
00:25:30,874 --> 00:25:32,116
So I just kept working.

455
00:25:32,185 --> 00:25:34,878
A couple of years passed,

456
00:25:34,947 --> 00:25:37,743
and suddenly I was called by
M.I.T.

457
00:25:37,812 --> 00:25:40,815
and asked to apply
for a faculty job.

458
00:25:42,471 --> 00:25:47,856
But I did begin to have trouble
as a junior faculty.

459
00:25:47,925 --> 00:25:49,202
These post-docs,

460
00:25:49,271 --> 00:25:51,929
I think, saw you more
as a technician

461
00:25:51,998 --> 00:25:52,930
than a faculty member.

462
00:25:55,519 --> 00:25:57,245
The reagents you made and so
forth,

463
00:25:57,314 --> 00:25:58,591
they saw it as just a...

464
00:25:58,660 --> 00:26:01,007
They could just go and take
anything they wanted,

465
00:26:01,076 --> 00:26:02,457
because after all,
what were you?

466
00:26:02,526 --> 00:26:04,148
You were just a technician,
I guess.

467
00:26:04,217 --> 00:26:06,599
♪

468
00:26:06,668 --> 00:26:08,359
I'd have to wait to use my own
equipment,

469
00:26:08,428 --> 00:26:09,844
and they would take things out
of the incubator.

470
00:26:09,913 --> 00:26:11,466
Just take them, you know,

471
00:26:11,535 --> 00:26:13,882
and I didn't want to tell them
not to, because in that era,

472
00:26:13,951 --> 00:26:16,678
women had to be nice to
everybody, they had to be

473
00:26:16,747 --> 00:26:18,162
polite to everybody.

474
00:26:18,231 --> 00:26:20,475
You couldn't, you know,

475
00:26:20,544 --> 00:26:23,478
be unpleasant,
or people would say,

476
00:26:23,547 --> 00:26:25,342
"Oh, there's that nasty,
difficult woman."

477
00:26:25,411 --> 00:26:26,999
And then everybody would
avoid you.

478
00:26:27,068 --> 00:26:28,517
So I was,
didn't want to do that.

479
00:26:30,105 --> 00:26:32,901
And the other thing I found is,
I started publishing papers,

480
00:26:32,970 --> 00:26:34,662
and then I found you'd publish
the papers,

481
00:26:34,731 --> 00:26:35,870
and you would have trouble

482
00:26:35,939 --> 00:26:37,906
getting credit
for the discovery.

483
00:26:37,975 --> 00:26:39,252
Everybody feels that way
in science.

484
00:26:39,321 --> 00:26:40,633
Everyone thinks their work
is undervalued,

485
00:26:40,702 --> 00:26:42,739
and they're under...
Everyone feels that way.

486
00:26:42,808 --> 00:26:45,086
But I thought, "No, this is
somehow different."

487
00:26:48,641 --> 00:26:50,609
And, again, I didn't tell
anybody that,

488
00:26:50,678 --> 00:26:52,783
because they, who's going
to believe you, you know?

489
00:26:52,852 --> 00:26:53,750
Nobody.

490
00:26:55,786 --> 00:26:57,339
So I just kept working,

491
00:26:57,408 --> 00:26:59,687
and I got promoted to associate
professor,

492
00:26:59,756 --> 00:27:01,654
and I guess the letters were
very, very good that came in.

493
00:27:01,723 --> 00:27:02,862
So I got tenure.

494
00:27:02,931 --> 00:27:04,623
♪

495
00:27:04,692 --> 00:27:08,903
I began to have these
significant problems.

496
00:27:08,972 --> 00:27:11,215
It was probably about 1990,
roughly.

497
00:27:11,284 --> 00:27:13,252
I was going to set up
zebra fish.

498
00:27:13,321 --> 00:27:17,532
You can do genetics in fish,
genetics of behavior,

499
00:27:17,601 --> 00:27:19,983
and I needed to get
200 square feet of space

500
00:27:20,052 --> 00:27:21,501
to put the fish tanks in,
and I couldn't.

501
00:27:21,570 --> 00:27:24,159
One man said to me,
"You don't think you could

502
00:27:24,228 --> 00:27:25,920
really handle a bigger lab,
do you?"

503
00:27:25,989 --> 00:27:31,132
And I went to the people
administering the space,

504
00:27:31,201 --> 00:27:34,238
said I'm senior faculty,
and I had less space

505
00:27:34,307 --> 00:27:36,309
than some junior faculty.

506
00:27:36,378 --> 00:27:37,863
The man said, you know,
"That's not true."

507
00:27:37,932 --> 00:27:41,970
So I literally thought, "Okay,
I have to show him it's true."

508
00:27:42,039 --> 00:27:44,145
Took a tape measure,

509
00:27:44,214 --> 00:27:46,285
and I would go around the
building

510
00:27:46,354 --> 00:27:48,183
when there weren't people there,
and go into the lab,

511
00:27:48,252 --> 00:27:52,049
and I would measure the lab,
write down the space.

512
00:27:52,118 --> 00:27:55,156
And I would color in the spaces
that each person had,

513
00:27:55,225 --> 00:27:56,709
so I could tell how much space.

514
00:27:56,778 --> 00:27:59,332
And I'd keep a chart,
and I'd add it up,

515
00:27:59,401 --> 00:28:01,334
so it took a lot of time.

516
00:28:01,403 --> 00:28:04,096
My idea was that then I would
demonstrate, "Here's the data.

517
00:28:04,165 --> 00:28:07,547
I have less space, so how
can you argue with this?"

518
00:28:07,616 --> 00:28:09,826
But when I got the measurements
and showed them

519
00:28:09,895 --> 00:28:11,828
to the person who was in charge
of space,

520
00:28:11,897 --> 00:28:15,038
he refused to look at them.

521
00:28:15,107 --> 00:28:19,456
And that's when I became a
radical... activist, I guess,

522
00:28:19,525 --> 00:28:22,459
against my wishes.

523
00:28:22,528 --> 00:28:27,257
♪

524
00:28:33,056 --> 00:28:34,678
WILLENBRING:
You know, I expected science

525
00:28:34,747 --> 00:28:38,233
to be working really hard
for something,

526
00:28:38,302 --> 00:28:42,203
and I was completely sort of
set up

527
00:28:42,272 --> 00:28:44,584
for that being the case.

528
00:28:44,653 --> 00:28:48,071
In fact,
I enjoyed the struggle

529
00:28:48,140 --> 00:28:50,590
and hardship of doing field
work,

530
00:28:50,659 --> 00:28:52,351
especially when I was younger

531
00:28:52,420 --> 00:28:54,284
and my bones didn't creak
so much.

532
00:28:54,353 --> 00:28:56,355
[laughs]:
And...

533
00:28:56,424 --> 00:28:59,151
So I was accustomed to that
kind of struggle,

534
00:28:59,220 --> 00:29:02,223
and adding to that with a kind
of struggle

535
00:29:02,292 --> 00:29:05,502
that's completely unnecessary
and gratuitous

536
00:29:05,571 --> 00:29:09,057
was hard to handle,
and did make me think

537
00:29:09,126 --> 00:29:10,507
about quitting a couple of
times.

538
00:29:10,576 --> 00:29:12,578
I had...

539
00:29:12,647 --> 00:29:15,063
I had other jobs picked out.

540
00:29:15,132 --> 00:29:18,964
I would see a bus pass
and think,

541
00:29:19,033 --> 00:29:22,450
"Bus driver, that sounds pretty
good."

542
00:29:22,519 --> 00:29:26,454
♪

543
00:29:26,523 --> 00:29:29,560
The things that really
got me the most were

544
00:29:29,629 --> 00:29:32,253
him telling me that
I'm [bleep] stupid

545
00:29:32,322 --> 00:29:36,395
and that I'll never have
a career in science.

546
00:29:36,464 --> 00:29:40,917
Those things that sort of got
under my skin

547
00:29:40,986 --> 00:29:44,127
in terms of my competence and my
abilities as a scientist,

548
00:29:44,196 --> 00:29:49,201
I never really stopped thinking
about those.

549
00:29:52,687 --> 00:29:58,106
I didn't really tell many
people at all.

550
00:29:58,175 --> 00:30:01,420
It was really something that
I didn't talk about.

551
00:30:01,489 --> 00:30:04,043
So I just kept doing my work.

552
00:30:04,112 --> 00:30:05,251
I finished my PhD,

553
00:30:05,320 --> 00:30:08,772
then I did a post-doc,

554
00:30:08,841 --> 00:30:12,396
and then took
a faculty position.

555
00:30:12,465 --> 00:30:16,228
And the whole time,
I'm thinking

556
00:30:16,297 --> 00:30:18,506
a little bit in the back of my
mind that, you know,

557
00:30:18,575 --> 00:30:21,405
"Remember, you sort of told
yourself

558
00:30:21,474 --> 00:30:24,305
that you were going
to do something about this?"

559
00:30:24,374 --> 00:30:26,031
And I just never did.

560
00:30:26,100 --> 00:30:28,861
Look at that structure
on the beach.

561
00:30:28,930 --> 00:30:32,796
Oh, yeah, they're doing some
construction on that building.

562
00:30:32,865 --> 00:30:34,487
Mm-hmm, yeah.

563
00:30:37,732 --> 00:30:40,528
It's been a while since we've
been on the beach, huh?

564
00:30:40,597 --> 00:30:42,495
It's been raining so much.

565
00:30:42,564 --> 00:30:46,223
[chuckles]

566
00:30:46,292 --> 00:30:49,813
Oh, we should remember
where our shoes are.

567
00:30:49,882 --> 00:30:52,436
Remember, we made that mistake
before. [laughs]

568
00:30:52,505 --> 00:30:55,474
♪

569
00:30:55,543 --> 00:30:58,132
WILLENBRING:
I knew he was still
a faculty member there,

570
00:30:58,201 --> 00:30:59,719
and I'd heard
through the grapevine

571
00:30:59,788 --> 00:31:01,721
that he was
still harassing women.

572
00:31:01,790 --> 00:31:08,314
After that day with my daughter
in the lab, at that point,

573
00:31:08,383 --> 00:31:11,662
I realized that, you know,
I had tried to create

574
00:31:11,731 --> 00:31:16,460
an environment that was very
science-friendly for her,

575
00:31:16,529 --> 00:31:18,566
and done all of the things

576
00:31:18,635 --> 00:31:21,983
that women do to try to get
other women

577
00:31:22,052 --> 00:31:24,779
or their children into science.

578
00:31:24,848 --> 00:31:28,541
The one thing, though,
that I could really do

579
00:31:28,610 --> 00:31:31,372
was something that
I hadn't done.

580
00:31:31,441 --> 00:31:35,410
♪

581
00:31:35,479 --> 00:31:37,688
I went and

582
00:31:37,757 --> 00:31:40,968
wrote the Title IX complaint,
the first draft of it,

583
00:31:41,037 --> 00:31:42,417
that night.

584
00:31:42,486 --> 00:31:45,973
♪

585
00:31:51,150 --> 00:31:54,671
And it was, it was a bit
liberating, I have to say.

586
00:31:54,740 --> 00:31:59,124
It was 17 years after the fact.

587
00:31:59,193 --> 00:32:03,680
I definitely waited until after
getting tenure.

588
00:32:03,749 --> 00:32:05,371
I told Adam Lewis,

589
00:32:05,440 --> 00:32:08,719
the person who was in the field
with me.

590
00:32:08,788 --> 00:32:11,930
I'd always imagined saying
something

591
00:32:11,999 --> 00:32:13,621
about how badly I was treated

592
00:32:13,690 --> 00:32:18,488
during that field season,
and I was expecting him

593
00:32:18,557 --> 00:32:21,940
sort of to say, "I don't want
any part of this."

594
00:32:22,009 --> 00:32:23,907
And instead, he said that

595
00:32:23,976 --> 00:32:27,807
he's always felt guilty about
that field season,

596
00:32:27,876 --> 00:32:29,706
and that he'd be happy to write
a letter.

597
00:32:29,775 --> 00:32:33,054
♪

598
00:32:42,822 --> 00:32:46,688
[indistinct chatter]

599
00:32:54,869 --> 00:32:58,148
BURKS:
This conference,
like a lot of science spaces,

600
00:32:58,217 --> 00:33:00,012
there's always a bit
of discomfort.

601
00:33:00,081 --> 00:33:02,463
It's not designed for
my comfort.

602
00:33:02,532 --> 00:33:04,913
And it's not designed for a lot
of people's comfort.

603
00:33:04,983 --> 00:33:09,435
It can be, you know,
very majority-heavy.

604
00:33:11,920 --> 00:33:13,405
And you'll have things, like,
people will call out, like,

605
00:33:13,474 --> 00:33:15,683
"That's a manel!"

606
00:33:15,752 --> 00:33:17,202
You know,
like, all men on your panel.

607
00:33:17,271 --> 00:33:20,688
"That panel is whiter
than the cast of 'Friends.'"

608
00:33:20,757 --> 00:33:24,036
As a field, we have not
made the place

609
00:33:24,105 --> 00:33:27,419
very accessible and inclusive.

610
00:33:40,052 --> 00:33:43,952
[passing traffic]

611
00:33:45,954 --> 00:33:48,302
I remember I was parking

612
00:33:48,371 --> 00:33:52,340
in the faculty lot, where
you need a faculty sticker,

613
00:33:52,409 --> 00:33:54,411
which was on the front
of my car,

614
00:33:54,480 --> 00:33:56,896
and I pulled into a faculty spot

615
00:33:56,965 --> 00:34:00,486
because I am faculty
with a faculty sticker. [laughs]

616
00:34:00,555 --> 00:34:03,282
And this other person who was
clear-- I mean,

617
00:34:03,351 --> 00:34:05,388
I'm assuming maybe
she was on staff.

618
00:34:05,457 --> 00:34:09,116
She leans out the window
and yells at me,

619
00:34:09,185 --> 00:34:11,704
"Do you work here?
Are you faculty?

620
00:34:11,773 --> 00:34:14,086
'Cause this is a faculty lot."

621
00:34:14,155 --> 00:34:19,367
And I said,
"Yes, I have a faculty sticker,

622
00:34:19,436 --> 00:34:21,438
and I'm going to park here."

623
00:34:21,507 --> 00:34:24,096
And she looked so-- she was,
like...

624
00:34:24,165 --> 00:34:26,616
"Well, I've never seen you
before."

625
00:34:26,685 --> 00:34:29,170
And I, like, went,
"And I've never seen you."

626
00:34:29,239 --> 00:34:32,656
[laughing]:
And I just pulled in
and then went.

627
00:34:34,313 --> 00:34:37,040
I think the higher you go up the
ivory tower,

628
00:34:37,109 --> 00:34:39,284
the whiter it gets, and the more
male,

629
00:34:39,353 --> 00:34:41,389
and the more hetero,

630
00:34:41,458 --> 00:34:43,253
the kind of majority-dominant
viewpoints

631
00:34:43,322 --> 00:34:45,255
come out.

632
00:34:45,324 --> 00:34:47,464
I mean, the fact that you can
still report on how many,

633
00:34:47,533 --> 00:34:50,364
you know, women presidents there
are of institutions,

634
00:34:50,433 --> 00:34:52,469
how many chairs, how many deans,

635
00:34:52,538 --> 00:34:56,059
you know, the numbers are so low
that you're reporting on them.

636
00:35:13,318 --> 00:35:16,252
You know, academia is especially
historically marginalizing--

637
00:35:16,321 --> 00:35:19,669
you can be very isolated.

638
00:35:19,738 --> 00:35:21,843
You get used to being
underestimated.

639
00:35:21,912 --> 00:35:25,261
You get used to being treated
a bit shabbily.

640
00:35:27,677 --> 00:35:29,748
People can insult us to our face

641
00:35:29,817 --> 00:35:34,787
with inappropriate language
and derogatory terminology,

642
00:35:34,856 --> 00:35:37,928
but we're the ones that are
supposed to be

643
00:35:37,997 --> 00:35:40,931
respectful and civil.

644
00:35:41,000 --> 00:35:44,625
And it's not that
you take it personally.

645
00:35:44,694 --> 00:35:47,248
[voice breaks]:
You just don't expect
any different.

646
00:35:48,905 --> 00:35:52,150
[tearfully]:
You know, for a long time,

647
00:35:52,219 --> 00:35:55,429
you try to fit,
or put the face forward

648
00:35:55,498 --> 00:36:01,297
that you are this, whatever
they've built science to be.

649
00:36:01,366 --> 00:36:03,782
That you talk a certain way,
and you look a certain way,

650
00:36:03,851 --> 00:36:07,648
and you try to fit into that.

651
00:36:07,717 --> 00:36:10,685
And even when you do all that,

652
00:36:10,754 --> 00:36:15,034
you're still not considered
one of them.

653
00:36:15,103 --> 00:36:20,592
♪

654
00:36:20,661 --> 00:36:23,664
But you just get used to that.

655
00:36:23,733 --> 00:36:26,114
You get used to being

656
00:36:26,184 --> 00:36:31,189
invisible in the sciences.

657
00:36:31,258 --> 00:36:33,674
It's weird, 'cause you're
invisible in that way,

658
00:36:33,743 --> 00:36:36,815
but then you're hyper-visible,
'cause people are, like,

659
00:36:36,884 --> 00:36:40,059
"But why are you here?"
[sniffles]

660
00:36:40,128 --> 00:36:46,618
♪

661
00:37:03,497 --> 00:37:05,844
[elevator chimes]

662
00:37:10,055 --> 00:37:14,197
Wow, oh, wow, okay, so...

663
00:37:14,266 --> 00:37:17,235
This was my office.

664
00:37:17,304 --> 00:37:20,859
This...

665
00:37:20,928 --> 00:37:24,000
And that was my lab when I was

666
00:37:24,069 --> 00:37:27,245
a junior faculty member.

667
00:37:27,314 --> 00:37:32,905
I spent so much of my
life there. [chuckles]

668
00:37:32,974 --> 00:37:35,080
Yeah, so I was doing these
measurements,

669
00:37:35,149 --> 00:37:39,567
and I tended to do them at
night, because I really thought,

670
00:37:39,636 --> 00:37:40,844
you know, people would
think it very odd.

671
00:37:40,913 --> 00:37:42,121
"What are you doing?",
and I didn't really want

672
00:37:42,190 --> 00:37:44,883
to explain to anybody,
so I would go at night

673
00:37:44,952 --> 00:37:47,403
and odd times, and dinner times,

674
00:37:47,472 --> 00:37:49,750
when people weren't around, with
my little tape measure here,

675
00:37:49,819 --> 00:37:51,579
and I would measure
all the spaces.

676
00:37:51,648 --> 00:37:54,341
And I do remember one night, I
was in this room,

677
00:37:54,410 --> 00:37:58,828
which I guess no longer exists
in the format it used to.

678
00:37:58,897 --> 00:38:00,899
And I was, had my measure out.

679
00:38:00,968 --> 00:38:02,452
I was doing the measuring.

680
00:38:02,521 --> 00:38:04,868
And somebody unexpectedly--
it was very quiet--

681
00:38:04,937 --> 00:38:07,215
but somebody unexpectedly walked
into the room and saw me,

682
00:38:07,285 --> 00:38:10,322
and I remember freezing and
thinking, "Uh-oh.

683
00:38:10,391 --> 00:38:12,600
"Uh-oh, my cover is blown.

684
00:38:12,669 --> 00:38:14,568
"Now they're going to wonder

685
00:38:14,637 --> 00:38:16,708
what am I doing here,"
so it was an odd thing.

686
00:38:16,777 --> 00:38:18,192
I was a full professor.

687
00:38:18,261 --> 00:38:20,712
So what was this woman doing
creeping around in the night

688
00:38:20,781 --> 00:38:23,577
with a tape measure,
measuring the lab space?

689
00:38:31,585 --> 00:38:34,760
I expected to fight alone.

690
00:38:34,829 --> 00:38:37,349
I didn't expect anybody else
to fight

691
00:38:37,418 --> 00:38:42,216
with me, but I really knew
that I was right.

692
00:38:42,285 --> 00:38:44,839
I decided I was going to give
M.I.T. a last chance.

693
00:38:44,908 --> 00:38:47,463
I didn't go back to the provost,
because I was embarrassed.

694
00:38:47,532 --> 00:38:48,774
You know, at first,
I had this problem,

695
00:38:48,843 --> 00:38:50,155
now I've got another problem.

696
00:38:50,224 --> 00:38:52,744
So I wrote to the president of
M.I.T., and I said,

697
00:38:52,813 --> 00:38:53,883
"There's a kind of systemic

698
00:38:53,952 --> 00:38:55,194
and invisible discrimination
against women."

699
00:38:55,263 --> 00:38:59,371
And I wrote this letter,
and I showed it

700
00:38:59,440 --> 00:39:00,614
to another woman faculty member,

701
00:39:00,683 --> 00:39:02,167
so she can see whether
it would be

702
00:39:02,236 --> 00:39:04,411
understandable to the president.

703
00:39:04,480 --> 00:39:06,067
And if she approves of that,
I'm sending it.

704
00:39:06,136 --> 00:39:09,208
And the woman that I chose was,
of course,

705
00:39:09,277 --> 00:39:11,487
this woman I had revered for
so long,

706
00:39:11,556 --> 00:39:14,869
and that was Mary-Lou Pardue.

707
00:39:14,938 --> 00:39:16,457
PARDUE:
From time to time,
Nancy and I would get together

708
00:39:16,526 --> 00:39:18,425
and talk about things,
and so she

709
00:39:18,494 --> 00:39:22,083
had wanted me to, to see what
I thought about the letter.

710
00:39:22,152 --> 00:39:26,502
HOPKINS:
I asked her to have lunch.

711
00:39:26,571 --> 00:39:29,712
We went to Rebecca's Cafe,
which was just down the street.

712
00:39:29,781 --> 00:39:31,748
We sat in this little corner
table,

713
00:39:31,817 --> 00:39:35,062
noisy lunchtime crowd,
and I had my letter.

714
00:39:35,131 --> 00:39:38,168
She looks very serious.

715
00:39:38,237 --> 00:39:39,860
And we've never talked about
gender issues,

716
00:39:39,929 --> 00:39:42,276
and I think she's going to think
I'm just some loser, you know,

717
00:39:42,345 --> 00:39:43,484
who really isn't good enough.

718
00:39:43,553 --> 00:39:45,037
Maybe she thinks
I'm not good enough,

719
00:39:45,106 --> 00:39:46,694
and that's why these things
are happening to me.

720
00:39:46,763 --> 00:39:48,800
I had no idea, so it was very
embarrassing

721
00:39:48,869 --> 00:39:50,215
and humiliating
to ask her to do this.

722
00:39:50,284 --> 00:39:53,874
She reads the letter slowly,

723
00:39:53,943 --> 00:39:56,842
and I'm watching,
and I'm so anxious, because

724
00:39:56,911 --> 00:40:00,225
I think she's thinking badly
of me.

725
00:40:00,294 --> 00:40:02,883
She gets to the bottom,
and she says,

726
00:40:02,952 --> 00:40:06,093
"I'd like to sign this letter,

727
00:40:06,162 --> 00:40:08,578
"and I think we should go
and see President Vest,

728
00:40:08,647 --> 00:40:11,616
because I've thought these
things for a long time."

729
00:40:11,685 --> 00:40:16,759
PARDUE:
I had seen enough of the kind
of things that go on

730
00:40:16,828 --> 00:40:20,314
that I really wanted
to support her.

731
00:40:20,383 --> 00:40:23,144
HOPKINS:
We suddenly realized, "Gee,
if you get it and I get it,

732
00:40:23,213 --> 00:40:26,216
there might be other people who
also have figured this out."

733
00:40:26,285 --> 00:40:31,256
PARDUE:
So then she and I,
we went around and talked

734
00:40:31,325 --> 00:40:35,812
to each of the tenured women
in the School of Science.

735
00:40:35,881 --> 00:40:38,781
SYLVIA CEYER:
I didn't know her.

736
00:40:38,850 --> 00:40:42,198
She came to my office in the
spring of '94,

737
00:40:42,267 --> 00:40:46,409
and wanted to chat about
what it was

738
00:40:46,478 --> 00:40:49,412
to be a female in the
chemistry department.

739
00:40:49,481 --> 00:40:53,692
It became evident that there
were very, very few women

740
00:40:53,761 --> 00:40:55,314
in the faculty at M.I.T.

741
00:40:55,383 --> 00:40:59,008
HOPKINS:
15 women in the six departments
of science

742
00:40:59,077 --> 00:41:03,564
and 197 men.

743
00:41:03,633 --> 00:41:05,497
They were such
high-profile women.

744
00:41:05,566 --> 00:41:07,430
Half of them were in the
National Academy of Science.

745
00:41:07,499 --> 00:41:10,088
Most of us didn't really--
we knew of each other,

746
00:41:10,157 --> 00:41:11,227
but we didn't really know
each other.

747
00:41:13,988 --> 00:41:16,922
CEYER:
And we made sure this meeting
was in a remote location,

748
00:41:16,991 --> 00:41:19,580
so nobody could see us.
[laughs]

749
00:41:19,649 --> 00:41:21,858
I have this feeling it was
a very small room,

750
00:41:21,927 --> 00:41:22,963
and half of us
were sitting on the floor.

751
00:41:23,032 --> 00:41:25,483
I wanted to know
if this was something

752
00:41:25,552 --> 00:41:28,313
that was just
a biology department problem,

753
00:41:28,382 --> 00:41:31,696
or whether this was
a bigger problem.

754
00:41:31,765 --> 00:41:34,768
CHISHOLM:
At the beginning, nobody really
wanted to jump right in

755
00:41:34,837 --> 00:41:39,048
and go there, because you don't
want to be perceived as,

756
00:41:39,117 --> 00:41:40,946
you know, weaker than,

757
00:41:41,015 --> 00:41:44,709
but it all just came out in
little trickles,

758
00:41:44,778 --> 00:41:46,780
and, suddenly, you know,
everybody was just

759
00:41:46,849 --> 00:41:48,402
letting it all hang out.

760
00:41:48,471 --> 00:41:51,336
CEYER:
There were comments from my male
colleagues like,

761
00:41:51,405 --> 00:41:55,616
"Well, she really isn't as smart
as she's given credit for."

762
00:41:55,685 --> 00:41:57,376
No woman had ever taken family
leave and gotten tenure.

763
00:41:57,445 --> 00:42:00,034
Women were afraid to take it

764
00:42:00,103 --> 00:42:01,864
because of the stigma
attached to it.

765
00:42:01,933 --> 00:42:05,074
A guy said that we
are a bunch of hysterical women.

766
00:42:05,143 --> 00:42:06,593
[laughs]:
Yeah.

767
00:42:06,662 --> 00:42:09,975
At that time, the problem
was, women were not listened to,

768
00:42:10,044 --> 00:42:11,598
and this was going to be
the place

769
00:42:11,667 --> 00:42:13,496
where every woman's opinion
counted.

770
00:42:13,565 --> 00:42:17,155
♪

771
00:42:20,952 --> 00:42:22,678
CHISHOLM:
I just remember us all
marching as a,

772
00:42:22,747 --> 00:42:25,266
as a pack to the dean's office
together.

773
00:42:28,269 --> 00:42:31,825
HOPKINS:
And we felt intimidated,
as if somehow, you know,

774
00:42:31,894 --> 00:42:35,483
we didn't belong there.

775
00:42:35,553 --> 00:42:37,555
We asked if we could have
a committee

776
00:42:37,624 --> 00:42:39,315
that could document the problem.

777
00:42:39,384 --> 00:42:44,009
CEYER:
What we wanted to do was,
we wanted to see the data.

778
00:42:44,078 --> 00:42:46,564
HOPKINS:
It was very scary, I mean,
for me, it was...

779
00:42:46,633 --> 00:42:48,289
The future of my life in science

780
00:42:48,358 --> 00:42:50,188
was on the balance there.

781
00:42:50,257 --> 00:42:53,156
And the dean came in,
and he said,

782
00:42:53,225 --> 00:42:54,779
"You can have the committee,

783
00:42:54,848 --> 00:42:56,781
"but I don't think
it can fix this problem,

784
00:42:56,850 --> 00:42:57,989
"because I don't know
how to fix it.

785
00:42:58,058 --> 00:42:59,473
"I think the problem
is the nature

786
00:42:59,542 --> 00:43:01,509
of a very male-dominated
culture."

787
00:43:01,579 --> 00:43:06,480
♪

788
00:43:18,078 --> 00:43:21,357
ADAM LEWIS:
I went to Jane's house
in Mandan, North Dakota.

789
00:43:21,426 --> 00:43:23,635
It was her wedding.

790
00:43:23,704 --> 00:43:25,637
And so she'd, I hadn't--
she'd been graduated

791
00:43:25,706 --> 00:43:27,087
for a couple of years
or whatever.

792
00:43:27,156 --> 00:43:30,262
And I was in the house, and her
brother was standing there,

793
00:43:30,331 --> 00:43:32,368
and I was talking to her
brother,

794
00:43:32,437 --> 00:43:33,990
and I introduced myself,
I say, "I'm Adam..."

795
00:43:34,059 --> 00:43:36,372
And I said, "I went to
Antarctica with them."

796
00:43:36,441 --> 00:43:37,994
And he just stiffened.

797
00:43:38,063 --> 00:43:40,721
He went...

798
00:43:40,790 --> 00:43:44,345
And just stiffened like a board,
like...

799
00:43:44,414 --> 00:43:46,451
And instantly, I thought, "God,
something is..."

800
00:43:46,520 --> 00:43:48,936
And he goes, "You were in
Antarctica with her?"

801
00:43:49,005 --> 00:43:50,420
And I was, like, "Yeah."

802
00:43:50,489 --> 00:43:53,078
He said, "So you were there when
all that took place."

803
00:43:53,147 --> 00:43:55,529
And I was, like,
"What, what took place?

804
00:43:55,598 --> 00:43:56,703
Like, what do you mean?"

805
00:43:56,772 --> 00:43:59,257
He said, "When Marchant treated
her like [bleep]

806
00:43:59,326 --> 00:44:02,881
and tried to just ruin her,
you were there."

807
00:44:02,950 --> 00:44:06,505
So, for the next few minutes,
I had this realization.

808
00:44:06,574 --> 00:44:09,405
At Jane's wedding in Mandan,
North Dakota,

809
00:44:09,474 --> 00:44:10,855
after talking to her brother,

810
00:44:10,924 --> 00:44:12,408
I was kind of standing there by
myself with, like,

811
00:44:12,477 --> 00:44:14,824
a drink in my hand, going,
like, "Holy [bleep],

812
00:44:14,893 --> 00:44:17,758
that must have been
really bad for Jane."

813
00:44:20,658 --> 00:44:23,799
My name is Adam Lewis.

814
00:44:23,868 --> 00:44:25,455
And I met Jane

815
00:44:25,524 --> 00:44:27,699
when I became a graduate
student.

816
00:44:27,768 --> 00:44:30,875
So we went to Antarctica
together.

817
00:44:30,944 --> 00:44:32,255
And I was just in my office one
day, just working,

818
00:44:32,324 --> 00:44:33,809
and an email pops up.

819
00:44:33,878 --> 00:44:38,572
Jane says, "Hey, I've decided
it's time to, to come out

820
00:44:38,641 --> 00:44:40,539
"and file this report about

821
00:44:40,608 --> 00:44:42,265
how Dave's treatment of women
has been."

822
00:44:42,334 --> 00:44:44,129
And you know, she's, like,
"I know he's done it

823
00:44:44,198 --> 00:44:46,684
to other women, and I just think
it, it needs to be dealt with."

824
00:44:48,893 --> 00:44:51,723
She said, "You might need to
write down

825
00:44:51,792 --> 00:44:54,726
what your experience is,
what you remember."

826
00:44:54,795 --> 00:44:56,245
So I don't have a choice.

827
00:44:56,314 --> 00:44:58,765
My only choice is to just
sit down and tell the truth.

828
00:44:58,834 --> 00:45:00,698
That's my only choice.

829
00:45:00,767 --> 00:45:03,045
I view Jane as a colleague
and a friend.

830
00:45:03,114 --> 00:45:07,014
And so why wouldn't
I support her?

831
00:45:13,780 --> 00:45:17,438
SANGEETA BHATIA:
It feels like a really special
moment in time.

832
00:45:17,507 --> 00:45:19,717
♪

833
00:45:22,340 --> 00:45:24,583
We're making inroads,

834
00:45:24,652 --> 00:45:28,173
but it's just too darn slow.

835
00:45:29,554 --> 00:45:31,383
So, when I was a freshman
in college,

836
00:45:31,452 --> 00:45:33,558
my best friend,
who was also an engineer.

837
00:45:33,627 --> 00:45:35,525
And we were sort of, like,
together through the experience,

838
00:45:35,594 --> 00:45:37,182
which I think was really
important

839
00:45:37,251 --> 00:45:41,462
for, for both of our retention
in the profession.

840
00:45:41,531 --> 00:45:43,430
We looked around, and we noticed

841
00:45:43,499 --> 00:45:46,674
that the classroom
was about half women.

842
00:45:46,744 --> 00:45:49,470
And, you know,
I remember very clearly that

843
00:45:49,539 --> 00:45:52,577
we had a conversation about,
"What is all the fuss about?"

844
00:45:52,646 --> 00:45:54,786
Like, "There's plenty of women
in this classroom.

845
00:45:54,855 --> 00:45:57,030
Maybe it's just a matter
of time."

846
00:45:57,099 --> 00:45:58,583
And this is something I still
hear,

847
00:45:58,652 --> 00:46:00,447
"Oh, it's just a matter of
time."

848
00:46:00,516 --> 00:46:03,795
And we looked around again
senior year,

849
00:46:03,864 --> 00:46:09,318
and there was, out of
100 students, seven of us left.

850
00:46:09,387 --> 00:46:10,906
And we sort of realized, like,

851
00:46:10,975 --> 00:46:15,462
"Oh, this is the leaky
pipeline."

852
00:46:15,531 --> 00:46:18,154
"This is disproportionate
attrition."

853
00:46:18,223 --> 00:46:20,812
♪

854
00:46:31,064 --> 00:46:36,448
JOHNSON:
In STEM, we have spent a lot
of resources and time

855
00:46:36,517 --> 00:46:39,693
to get young girls
focused on STEM.

856
00:46:39,762 --> 00:46:45,388
So we know that we've
been filling the pipeline.

857
00:46:45,457 --> 00:46:48,564
The problem is that sexual
harassment

858
00:46:48,633 --> 00:46:52,602
actually creates many leaks
in that pipeline.

859
00:46:52,671 --> 00:46:54,881
So we're doing a lot of work,

860
00:46:54,950 --> 00:46:57,573
but some of that work
is actually being undone.

861
00:47:00,956 --> 00:47:02,647
BHATIA:
Why do you move away from
a profession

862
00:47:02,716 --> 00:47:05,132
and choose a different one,
you know?

863
00:47:05,201 --> 00:47:07,134
That's sort of a collection of
personal choices,

864
00:47:07,203 --> 00:47:08,653
but part of it is the culture.

865
00:47:11,932 --> 00:47:14,176
There's a whole body of
social science

866
00:47:14,245 --> 00:47:18,007
that has emerged where this is
actually no longer a mystery.

867
00:47:18,076 --> 00:47:23,116
♪

868
00:47:27,051 --> 00:47:29,122
CORINNE MOSS-RACUSIN:
I assumed that the study that we
ultimately did

869
00:47:29,191 --> 00:47:31,020
or something similar
would already have been done.

870
00:47:31,089 --> 00:47:32,780
I was just interested to see,

871
00:47:32,850 --> 00:47:35,956
what is the
experimental evidence

872
00:47:36,025 --> 00:47:37,371
of whether or not there's
gender bias

873
00:47:37,440 --> 00:47:39,787
amongst the scientific
community?

874
00:47:39,857 --> 00:47:41,030
And I was surprised to see
that

875
00:47:41,099 --> 00:47:42,756
that study had not yet been
conducted.

876
00:47:42,825 --> 00:47:47,381
So that's really what we
immediately dug in to pursue.

877
00:47:47,450 --> 00:47:49,694
The methodology of the study
is really simple.

878
00:47:49,763 --> 00:47:51,178
We describe a student
who's applying

879
00:47:51,247 --> 00:47:53,456
to be a lab manager,
in this case.

880
00:47:53,525 --> 00:47:56,977
But the qualifications, the
thing that participants read--

881
00:47:57,046 --> 00:48:01,395
you know, their application--
is identical.

882
00:48:01,464 --> 00:48:03,846
Except half of our participants
are told

883
00:48:03,915 --> 00:48:06,262
that the student is a woman,
Jennifer,

884
00:48:06,331 --> 00:48:09,265
and half are told that
the student is a man, John.

885
00:48:09,334 --> 00:48:13,511
So any differences at all in
our conditions

886
00:48:13,580 --> 00:48:15,996
or how the participants react
to these two students

887
00:48:16,065 --> 00:48:18,896
is attributable solely to the
student's gender.

888
00:48:18,965 --> 00:48:23,245
♪

889
00:48:23,314 --> 00:48:25,695
We worked hard to recruit
a representative sample

890
00:48:25,764 --> 00:48:27,905
of STEM faculty
from around the country,

891
00:48:27,974 --> 00:48:33,082
and we sent half of them
the application from Jennifer

892
00:48:33,151 --> 00:48:37,880
and half the application
from John.

893
00:48:37,949 --> 00:48:39,640
We told them that this was
a student

894
00:48:39,709 --> 00:48:41,194
who had actually applied to be a
lab manager

895
00:48:41,263 --> 00:48:45,784
somewhere in the country over
the course of the last year,

896
00:48:45,853 --> 00:48:47,855
and that,
for this new mentoring program,

897
00:48:47,925 --> 00:48:49,547
we needed their candid
assessments of the student.

898
00:48:49,616 --> 00:48:53,516
[mouse clicking]

899
00:48:53,585 --> 00:48:56,830
I remember the day I was sitting
at my computer

900
00:48:56,899 --> 00:48:58,832
doing the first pass of data
analysis for this,

901
00:48:58,901 --> 00:49:02,456
and I thought I had something
miscoded,

902
00:49:02,525 --> 00:49:03,802
because I just didn't expect

903
00:49:03,871 --> 00:49:07,772
to see the same picture over and
over again.

904
00:49:07,841 --> 00:49:09,084
The female student

905
00:49:09,153 --> 00:49:11,569
is rated as inferior
to the male student

906
00:49:11,638 --> 00:49:13,157
on every dimension that
we assessed.

907
00:49:16,505 --> 00:49:20,095
She's rated as less competent.

908
00:49:20,164 --> 00:49:24,547
She's less likely to be hired
for a lab manager job,

909
00:49:24,616 --> 00:49:28,103
less likely to be mentored by
a faculty member,

910
00:49:28,172 --> 00:49:30,519
and given a lower starting
salary

911
00:49:30,588 --> 00:49:33,763
than the identical male student.

912
00:49:33,832 --> 00:49:36,283
The only difference between
them is their gender.

913
00:49:36,352 --> 00:49:38,458
And so we're really quantifying
gender bias.

914
00:49:44,257 --> 00:49:47,570
Not every woman contends with
this identically.

915
00:49:47,639 --> 00:49:48,916
Women of color are targeted

916
00:49:48,986 --> 00:49:52,023
in ways that are more complex,
more insidious,

917
00:49:52,092 --> 00:49:53,128
and just more common.

918
00:49:53,197 --> 00:49:55,337
[door opening]

919
00:49:55,406 --> 00:49:59,824
It's not always
who you might think

920
00:49:59,893 --> 00:50:01,791
is going to be demonstrating
these biases.

921
00:50:04,311 --> 00:50:06,796
Bias comes from normal

922
00:50:06,865 --> 00:50:09,282
cognitive processing mechanisms.

923
00:50:09,351 --> 00:50:12,595
And what that means is that
really well-intentioned folks

924
00:50:12,664 --> 00:50:15,598
tend to display these sorts
of very pervasive biases.

925
00:50:17,635 --> 00:50:20,465
It's not sort of an evil cartoon
of someone

926
00:50:20,534 --> 00:50:22,157
who's delighting in thwarting

927
00:50:22,226 --> 00:50:25,781
the progress of, of smart
women-- it's all of us.

928
00:50:29,440 --> 00:50:31,787
MAHZARIN BANAJI:
Consciously, I could say
I have

929
00:50:31,856 --> 00:50:33,720
zero bias.

930
00:50:33,789 --> 00:50:36,999
To me, men and women who perform
the same are equal.

931
00:50:37,068 --> 00:50:41,555
But I think we're in those very
early moments in the science

932
00:50:41,624 --> 00:50:44,800
where we're able to actually get
snapshots

933
00:50:44,869 --> 00:50:46,422
of what's inside our mind

934
00:50:46,491 --> 00:50:48,183
of which we don't know.

935
00:50:48,252 --> 00:50:50,875
BANAJI:
So what we're going
to do today is,

936
00:50:50,944 --> 00:50:54,016
you are participants in
a couple of little exercises.

937
00:50:54,085 --> 00:50:57,088
I hope you find this as

938
00:50:57,157 --> 00:51:00,367
intriguing as I did when
I first took this test.

939
00:51:00,436 --> 00:51:02,749
This test is called the I.A.T.,

940
00:51:02,818 --> 00:51:04,268
or the Implicit
Association Test.

941
00:51:04,337 --> 00:51:06,822
BANAJI:
The I.A.T. has a very simple

942
00:51:06,891 --> 00:51:09,169
idea that underlies it.

943
00:51:09,238 --> 00:51:13,380
The idea is that if two things
have something in common,

944
00:51:13,449 --> 00:51:16,280
we'll be more easily able
to put them together.

945
00:51:16,349 --> 00:51:18,420
And sometimes this just happens
in our experience.

946
00:51:18,489 --> 00:51:20,629
Salt and pepper go together.

947
00:51:20,698 --> 00:51:22,665
They're opposites in one sense,
but they go together,

948
00:51:22,734 --> 00:51:24,426
because we combine them.

949
00:51:24,495 --> 00:51:26,738
The word "king" and "queen"
go together.

950
00:51:26,807 --> 00:51:29,396
This is not a hard idea
to imagine.

951
00:51:29,465 --> 00:51:33,020
And so we use this idea to argue
that if two things

952
00:51:33,090 --> 00:51:35,644
have come to be associated over
and over again

953
00:51:35,713 --> 00:51:38,336
in our experience,
whether we know it or not,

954
00:51:38,405 --> 00:51:41,546
we will be faster to put them
together.

955
00:51:41,615 --> 00:51:45,447
Nobody has any trouble
understanding why this might be.

956
00:51:45,516 --> 00:51:48,864
[laughs]:
It's a no-brainer, as a
neuroscientist might say, okay.

957
00:51:48,933 --> 00:51:51,556
So imagine that in the test,

958
00:51:51,625 --> 00:51:53,248
you're asked to do something
very simple.

959
00:51:53,317 --> 00:51:55,595
BANAJI:
A word is going to pop up
in the middle of the screen.

960
00:51:55,664 --> 00:51:58,908
You're going to see names
of men and women.

961
00:51:58,977 --> 00:52:00,910
You're also gonna
see words that are

962
00:52:00,979 --> 00:52:03,948
in two categories,
family and career,

963
00:52:04,017 --> 00:52:05,984
and the career part that I've
chosen,

964
00:52:06,053 --> 00:52:07,986
think scientific career.

965
00:52:08,055 --> 00:52:11,542
Words for career are words
like "scientist," "laboratory,"

966
00:52:11,611 --> 00:52:12,888
"biologist."

967
00:52:12,957 --> 00:52:14,683
Words for home
are going to be words like

968
00:52:14,752 --> 00:52:17,444
"marriage," "kitchen,"
"children."

969
00:52:17,513 --> 00:52:21,483
All you have to do is put the
two together, right?

970
00:52:21,552 --> 00:52:25,625
So, if the name is a male name
or the word is a career word,

971
00:52:25,694 --> 00:52:27,351
you will say, "Left."

972
00:52:27,420 --> 00:52:29,111
And if it's a female name
or a home word,

973
00:52:29,180 --> 00:52:30,664
you will say, "Right."

974
00:52:30,733 --> 00:52:31,976
Okay, you got it?

975
00:52:32,045 --> 00:52:33,184
Keep that in your mind.

976
00:52:33,253 --> 00:52:36,739
Oh, and you have to go
super-fast to do this.

977
00:52:36,808 --> 00:52:38,465
By super-fast, I mean, like,

978
00:52:38,534 --> 00:52:40,571
700 milliseconds,

979
00:52:40,640 --> 00:52:43,608
meaning faster than a second
to make each response.

980
00:52:43,677 --> 00:52:46,335
Okay, so, simple, ready...

981
00:52:46,404 --> 00:52:47,923
Go.

982
00:52:47,992 --> 00:52:50,960
STUDENTS:
Left, left, right, right, left,

983
00:52:51,029 --> 00:52:53,377
left, left, right, right,

984
00:52:53,446 --> 00:52:55,448
right, right, right,

985
00:52:55,517 --> 00:52:57,933
left, left, right...

986
00:52:58,002 --> 00:52:59,797
[students stumbling
and slowing]

987
00:52:59,866 --> 00:53:03,110
Left, left, left, right, right.

988
00:53:03,180 --> 00:53:04,215
BANAJI:
Excellent.

989
00:53:04,284 --> 00:53:06,044
BANAJI:
The trouble arises--

990
00:53:06,113 --> 00:53:10,359
this is what makes it a test--
that we now flip these.

991
00:53:10,428 --> 00:53:12,327
And now we'll do the other
version.

992
00:53:12,396 --> 00:53:15,468
If it's a female name or
a career word, like "scientist"

993
00:53:15,537 --> 00:53:16,538
or that, you'll say, "Left."

994
00:53:16,607 --> 00:53:18,229
If it's a male name
or a house word,

995
00:53:18,298 --> 00:53:20,231
you will say, "Right," okay?

996
00:53:20,300 --> 00:53:22,509
Everybody ready to go? Go.

997
00:53:22,578 --> 00:53:28,239
STUDENTS [hesitantly]:
Left, left, right, left...

998
00:53:28,308 --> 00:53:32,278
[students disagreeing
and hesitating]

999
00:53:35,798 --> 00:53:38,974
[continue hesitantly]

1000
00:53:39,043 --> 00:53:41,804
[slowly]:
Right, left, right...

1001
00:53:41,873 --> 00:53:45,877
[disagreeing and chuckling]

1002
00:53:49,640 --> 00:53:51,504
[responses stop,
students exclaiming softly]

1003
00:53:51,573 --> 00:53:54,092
BANAJI:
Okay.

1004
00:53:54,161 --> 00:53:55,542
So, as a colleague of ours said,

1005
00:53:55,611 --> 00:53:58,407
you don't need a computer
to measure this bias.

1006
00:53:58,476 --> 00:54:01,238
A sundial will do.

1007
00:54:01,307 --> 00:54:02,549
[laughter]

1008
00:54:02,618 --> 00:54:03,550
And that's because

1009
00:54:03,619 --> 00:54:05,966
the effect is palpable.

1010
00:54:06,035 --> 00:54:08,659
Now, if you were one of the
first people in the world

1011
00:54:08,728 --> 00:54:11,524
to ever take this test
and you made the test,

1012
00:54:11,593 --> 00:54:13,215
your first reaction when you
take this test should be,

1013
00:54:13,284 --> 00:54:16,943
"Something's screwed up
with the test."

1014
00:54:17,012 --> 00:54:18,531
At least that was my view.

1015
00:54:18,600 --> 00:54:20,981
BANAJI:
I thought I could do this.

1016
00:54:21,050 --> 00:54:25,296
So I take the test, and it turns
out I can't do it.

1017
00:54:25,365 --> 00:54:28,541
When I say, "I can't do it,"
I mean that I can,

1018
00:54:28,610 --> 00:54:30,957
but with a lot more time

1019
00:54:31,026 --> 00:54:34,029
and more errors in what
I'm doing.

1020
00:54:34,098 --> 00:54:35,824
And the feeling you get as you
take this test

1021
00:54:35,893 --> 00:54:39,759
is one of utter despair.
[laughs]

1022
00:54:39,828 --> 00:54:43,314
I ought to be able to associate
female and male

1023
00:54:43,383 --> 00:54:44,729
equally with science.

1024
00:54:44,798 --> 00:54:47,249
I am, after all,
a woman in science.

1025
00:54:47,318 --> 00:54:50,287
This should not be so hard
for me to do.

1026
00:54:50,356 --> 00:54:54,774
To discover that I cannot do
that,

1027
00:54:54,843 --> 00:54:56,603
I think, is profound.

1028
00:54:56,672 --> 00:55:01,608
♪

1029
00:55:01,677 --> 00:55:04,266
HOPKINS:
Recently somebody had showed me
an email they'd received

1030
00:55:04,335 --> 00:55:05,819
from a very distinguished
scientist

1031
00:55:05,888 --> 00:55:07,545
who happens to be a colleague
of mine--

1032
00:55:07,614 --> 00:55:09,616
so I was particularly upset
by it-- saying that

1033
00:55:09,685 --> 00:55:12,309
he had looked very carefully
and had seen no bias

1034
00:55:12,378 --> 00:55:14,725
or prejudice against women
during his entire career,

1035
00:55:14,794 --> 00:55:15,933
and therefore he was confident

1036
00:55:16,002 --> 00:55:18,315
that such a thing
did not exist.

1037
00:55:18,384 --> 00:55:22,664
And I guess, you know,
at this point in time, 2019--

1038
00:55:22,733 --> 00:55:24,562
this email was a few months
ago--

1039
00:55:24,631 --> 00:55:26,461
I just was shocked by this.

1040
00:55:26,530 --> 00:55:27,876
These are great scientists.

1041
00:55:27,945 --> 00:55:29,602
How can they not know this?

1042
00:55:29,671 --> 00:55:30,948
How can they not believe this?

1043
00:55:31,017 --> 00:55:32,398
If they know it,
don't they believe it?

1044
00:55:32,467 --> 00:55:33,606
This worries me a lot.

1045
00:55:33,675 --> 00:55:37,817
So when I hear stories
like the one you tell,

1046
00:55:37,886 --> 00:55:40,302
that your male colleague
believes that

1047
00:55:40,371 --> 00:55:43,512
he's never seen it, I have
two kinds of responses to it.

1048
00:55:43,581 --> 00:55:46,066
One, I understand that he may be

1049
00:55:46,135 --> 00:55:49,138
truly unaware
and genuinely believing

1050
00:55:49,207 --> 00:55:52,038
that he's looking for it
and just not seeing it.

1051
00:55:52,107 --> 00:55:55,144
It's in the nature of this beast
that we're trying to identify.

1052
00:55:55,213 --> 00:55:57,802
It's invisible.

1053
00:55:57,871 --> 00:55:59,183
But then I also feel

1054
00:55:59,252 --> 00:56:01,772
that he has no business
saying what he did,

1055
00:56:01,841 --> 00:56:04,430
because today, the evidence

1056
00:56:04,499 --> 00:56:07,674
is so much more clear
that he need not rely on his own

1057
00:56:07,743 --> 00:56:09,055
personal experience.

1058
00:56:09,124 --> 00:56:11,057
He just needs to look at
the data.

1059
00:56:11,126 --> 00:56:13,508
That's what he'd want us to do
for his science.

1060
00:56:13,577 --> 00:56:15,026
He'd say, "Mahzarin,
whatever you may think

1061
00:56:15,095 --> 00:56:19,203
"about turbulence or whatever,
that doesn't matter.

1062
00:56:19,272 --> 00:56:21,930
"That's your...
intuitive experience

1063
00:56:21,999 --> 00:56:23,345
"of the physical world.

1064
00:56:23,414 --> 00:56:25,830
But you need to know
the research."

1065
00:56:25,899 --> 00:56:27,487
And I would say the same to him,

1066
00:56:27,556 --> 00:56:30,490
because the time
has passed now for saying,

1067
00:56:30,559 --> 00:56:32,492
"I don't see it anywhere."

1068
00:56:32,561 --> 00:56:35,875
And that's why we should be
concerned that anybody

1069
00:56:35,944 --> 00:56:40,638
who says it's not happening,
or not happening anymore,

1070
00:56:40,707 --> 00:56:42,951
is just made

1071
00:56:43,020 --> 00:56:45,436
to retract those words,
'cause they can say,

1072
00:56:45,505 --> 00:56:48,128
"I, I'm not going to change
my behavior,

1073
00:56:48,197 --> 00:56:49,544
I don't care about it,"
all of that.

1074
00:56:49,613 --> 00:56:50,924
That's their...

1075
00:56:50,993 --> 00:56:54,169
But they cannot say that
the evidence doesn't exist.

1076
00:56:54,238 --> 00:56:58,829
♪

1077
00:56:58,898 --> 00:57:00,520
BANAJI:
My field, broadly speaking,

1078
00:57:00,589 --> 00:57:03,937
is discovering that human beings
may not be the people

1079
00:57:04,006 --> 00:57:05,560
they think they are.

1080
00:57:05,629 --> 00:57:10,081
That they are far more fallible
than they may have thought.

1081
00:57:10,150 --> 00:57:12,877
Who's competent?

1082
00:57:12,946 --> 00:57:14,603
Who has potential?

1083
00:57:14,672 --> 00:57:16,363
Who's brilliant?

1084
00:57:16,433 --> 00:57:17,882
We find very clear evidence

1085
00:57:17,951 --> 00:57:22,369
that men are preferred to women
for the same accomplishments.

1086
00:57:22,439 --> 00:57:25,890
♪

1087
00:57:25,959 --> 00:57:29,342
Implicit bias is something that
we all carry in our heads.

1088
00:57:29,411 --> 00:57:30,412
How could we not?

1089
00:57:30,481 --> 00:57:32,587
We are creatures
of our environment.

1090
00:57:32,656 --> 00:57:35,521
We are creatures who learn.

1091
00:57:35,590 --> 00:57:41,630
♪

1092
00:57:41,699 --> 00:57:44,461
When I see a certain
set of patterns,

1093
00:57:44,530 --> 00:57:48,223
that impinges on me in some way,
and it leaves a trace.

1094
00:57:48,292 --> 00:57:51,088
Bill Nye the Science Guy.

1095
00:57:51,157 --> 00:57:53,090
Okay, now let's let that cook
there for a while

1096
00:57:53,159 --> 00:57:54,919
and make some more hydrogen...

1097
00:57:54,988 --> 00:57:58,889
BANAJI:
And that trace is now
a part of me.

1098
00:57:58,958 --> 00:58:00,960
This is where the power
of technology

1099
00:58:01,029 --> 00:58:04,066
actually can be used
to advantage to, in a sense,

1100
00:58:04,135 --> 00:58:07,276
program our minds to be what
we want them to have in them.

1101
00:58:14,214 --> 00:58:17,528
[bird squawking]

1102
00:58:17,597 --> 00:58:20,600
BURKS:
Before junior high, I would've
been really hard-pressed

1103
00:58:20,669 --> 00:58:23,120
to name a woman scientist.

1104
00:58:23,189 --> 00:58:25,881
I would have been extremely
hard-pressed to name

1105
00:58:25,950 --> 00:58:28,746
a woman scientist of color.

1106
00:58:28,815 --> 00:58:30,127
'Cause I didn't see any.

1107
00:58:30,196 --> 00:58:32,543
And science is a way
to view the world.

1108
00:58:32,612 --> 00:58:34,752
It's also everywhere.

1109
00:58:34,821 --> 00:58:36,651
You can find it anywhere.

1110
00:58:36,720 --> 00:58:40,240
Yes, even in "Game of Thrones."

1111
00:58:40,309 --> 00:58:42,208
BURKS:
Beyond the bench, I'm also
a science communicator.

1112
00:58:42,277 --> 00:58:46,557
Video games can be complicated,
but they're not rocket science.

1113
00:58:46,626 --> 00:58:49,526
BURKS:
I'll be on podcasts,
in different videos,

1114
00:58:49,595 --> 00:58:51,182
and sometimes I get to be
on television.

1115
00:58:51,251 --> 00:58:52,977
DIRECTOR:
Roll cameras A, B, and C.

1116
00:58:53,046 --> 00:58:54,082
Tape one, take one.

1117
00:58:54,151 --> 00:58:57,603
BURKS:
Representation always matters.

1118
00:58:57,672 --> 00:58:59,570
You know,
there's the whole saying of,

1119
00:58:59,639 --> 00:59:01,676
"If you see it, you can be it,"
right?

1120
00:59:01,745 --> 00:59:03,643
It's getting better, but there
used to be a time, right,

1121
00:59:03,712 --> 00:59:05,818
when you would say, "Okay,

1122
00:59:05,887 --> 00:59:07,233
what does a scientist
look like?"

1123
00:59:07,302 --> 00:59:08,752
And it was, like, you know,
white guy with crazy hair,

1124
00:59:08,821 --> 00:59:10,443
you know, whatever.

1125
00:59:10,512 --> 00:59:12,549
And now it's, like, "No, it's a
Black woman with crazy hair."

1126
00:59:12,618 --> 00:59:14,896
You can only report your sample,
then, in a significant...

1127
00:59:14,965 --> 00:59:16,069
BURKS:
By its very nature,

1128
00:59:16,138 --> 00:59:19,659
science itself should always be
evolving.

1129
00:59:19,728 --> 00:59:21,765
Who is asking the questions,
and how they're asking them,

1130
00:59:21,834 --> 00:59:22,766
and who gets supported

1131
00:59:22,835 --> 00:59:25,872
does determine the field.

1132
00:59:25,941 --> 00:59:29,324
The diversity of people
in science

1133
00:59:29,393 --> 00:59:32,258
can really set the outcomes.

1134
00:59:32,327 --> 00:59:34,432
So that's actually emboldened me

1135
00:59:34,501 --> 00:59:37,021
to just be more authentically
myself.

1136
00:59:37,090 --> 00:59:38,782
I did it!BURKS:
Yes!

1137
00:59:38,851 --> 00:59:40,887
It took me a while, 'cause Ralph
kept distracting me,

1138
00:59:40,956 --> 00:59:43,994
and then Joseph did, and so I'm
going to blame them and not me.

1139
00:59:44,063 --> 00:59:45,512
Okay.[laughing]

1140
00:59:45,582 --> 00:59:47,342
So, yeah, this is what I have
right now.

1141
00:59:47,411 --> 00:59:48,515
I have it all prepped
and ready...

1142
00:59:48,585 --> 00:59:49,965
BURKS:
I might as well have

1143
00:59:50,034 --> 00:59:55,626
more fun, wear silly clothing,
and talk about zombie chemistry

1144
00:59:55,695 --> 00:59:58,940
and wear my hair the way I want.

1145
00:59:59,009 --> 01:00:01,805
Not trying to chase
this mythology

1146
01:00:01,874 --> 01:00:04,911
of what a scientist is.

1147
01:00:04,980 --> 01:00:09,916
♪

1148
01:00:14,162 --> 01:00:18,131
[wind howling, birds twittering]

1149
01:00:18,200 --> 01:00:21,376
♪

1150
01:00:21,445 --> 01:00:24,206
[knocking on door]

1151
01:00:24,275 --> 01:00:25,725
[door opens]

1152
01:00:25,794 --> 01:00:26,726
WILLENBRING:
Hello!LEWIS: Jane!

1153
01:00:26,795 --> 01:00:28,072
Hey, Sylvie.

1154
01:00:28,141 --> 01:00:29,142
Hi!

1155
01:00:29,211 --> 01:00:30,592
Good to see you.

1156
01:00:30,661 --> 01:00:31,904
Oh, it's been a long time.

1157
01:00:31,973 --> 01:00:33,733
What a great house,
oh, my gosh.

1158
01:00:33,802 --> 01:00:35,597
Oh, yeah, well,
it's going to be great someday.

1159
01:00:35,666 --> 01:00:38,462
LEWIS:
Do you remember walking back
that time, when you and I

1160
01:00:38,531 --> 01:00:40,740
and Brett were out there,
walking back into the wind?

1161
01:00:40,809 --> 01:00:41,741
[chuckling]:
Yes.

1162
01:00:41,810 --> 01:00:42,984
My nose froze, right?

1163
01:00:43,053 --> 01:00:47,436
Yeah, and I got frostbite
on my tuchus.
Yeah.

1164
01:00:47,505 --> 01:00:48,506
Going to the bathroom.

1165
01:00:48,575 --> 01:00:49,611
That's the worst.Oh, God.

1166
01:00:49,680 --> 01:00:50,612
I'd still be going there.

1167
01:00:50,681 --> 01:00:52,062
I would still be
a college professor,

1168
01:00:52,131 --> 01:00:53,477
and I'd still be going there
if I didn't have to go

1169
01:00:53,546 --> 01:00:54,478
to the bathroom.

1170
01:00:54,547 --> 01:00:55,824
In Antarctica.[laughing]

1171
01:00:55,893 --> 01:00:57,274
Yeah.

1172
01:00:57,343 --> 01:00:58,965
You know, when I was writing my

1173
01:00:59,034 --> 01:01:03,729
Title IX complaint,
it was incredibly cathartic.

1174
01:01:03,798 --> 01:01:05,662
Mm.I just, like, wrote it,

1175
01:01:05,731 --> 01:01:07,215
and then just started
bawling.

1176
01:01:07,284 --> 01:01:10,528
When you're writing them
all out, one after another...

1177
01:01:10,597 --> 01:01:11,875
Yeah.You know.

1178
01:01:11,944 --> 01:01:13,117
It's, like, yeah,
that happened,

1179
01:01:13,186 --> 01:01:14,843
and then that happened,
and then that happened.

1180
01:01:14,912 --> 01:01:17,397
And you start thinking, like,
"How did this even..."

1181
01:01:17,466 --> 01:01:19,537
And it's, like,
"Well, they were different days,

1182
01:01:19,606 --> 01:01:24,025
and, you know, I had thought it
would get better."

1183
01:01:24,094 --> 01:01:26,786
Yeah.And you know, you have,
like, this whole mindset of,

1184
01:01:26,855 --> 01:01:29,168
like, hoping for the best,
even though you really think

1185
01:01:29,237 --> 01:01:31,170
that it's probably not going
to go well.Mm-hmm.

1186
01:01:31,239 --> 01:01:33,241
I never knew how much
it bothered you.

1187
01:01:33,310 --> 01:01:34,760
I didn't know.

1188
01:01:34,829 --> 01:01:38,729
You didn't show it to me,
so I didn't know.

1189
01:01:38,798 --> 01:01:40,835
I mean, I knew he was being
a complete dick to you,

1190
01:01:40,904 --> 01:01:42,388
but I didn't know that it was
getting to you.

1191
01:01:42,457 --> 01:01:43,389
Yeah.

1192
01:01:43,458 --> 01:01:44,977
It was hard to navigate.

1193
01:01:45,046 --> 01:01:46,012
Like, I knew, I mean,
it's...

1194
01:01:46,081 --> 01:01:47,358
Obviously, it was an issue.

1195
01:01:47,427 --> 01:01:49,360
But it just was, like,
"Okay, well, Jane's

1196
01:01:49,429 --> 01:01:52,467
kind of dealing with it,"
and whatever.

1197
01:01:52,536 --> 01:01:56,229
I do sort of have a tough cookie
sort of bravado about me.

1198
01:01:56,298 --> 01:01:58,542
I mean, I should have
seen it more.

1199
01:01:58,611 --> 01:02:01,752
I feel a major regret,
'cause I didn't help.

1200
01:02:01,821 --> 01:02:03,996
When I wrote that out,
I was, like,

1201
01:02:04,065 --> 01:02:05,066
"God,
the pattern is so clear!"

1202
01:02:05,135 --> 01:02:06,550
Some of the things
that you tell me

1203
01:02:06,619 --> 01:02:07,965
and that I've heard
from other women,

1204
01:02:08,034 --> 01:02:09,346
I just-- it's unfathomable.

1205
01:02:09,415 --> 01:02:10,381
I didn't know.

1206
01:02:10,450 --> 01:02:11,935
And most of the men
that I know,

1207
01:02:12,004 --> 01:02:12,936
all these guys that I went

1208
01:02:13,005 --> 01:02:14,420
to Antarctica with
and all my

1209
01:02:14,489 --> 01:02:16,111
professor friends,
whatever...Mm-hmm.

1210
01:02:16,180 --> 01:02:19,597
We-- they would not
do that, right?Mm-hmm, mm-hmm.

1211
01:02:19,666 --> 01:02:21,289
So, when you hear
these stories,

1212
01:02:21,358 --> 01:02:22,842
you're just, like, "What?"

1213
01:02:22,911 --> 01:02:24,119
Right.

1214
01:02:24,188 --> 01:02:25,431
I'll tell you a story.

1215
01:02:25,500 --> 01:02:26,397
I think I've told you
this before.

1216
01:02:26,466 --> 01:02:27,709
So, I was in Europe

1217
01:02:27,778 --> 01:02:29,573
and I was at this

1218
01:02:29,642 --> 01:02:32,058
glacial conference thing,
this EU-run thing.Yeah.

1219
01:02:32,127 --> 01:02:34,095
With a whole bunch
of students,

1220
01:02:34,164 --> 01:02:35,890
and there was this old
glaciologist there.

1221
01:02:35,959 --> 01:02:37,132
He's, like, about 60 years old.

1222
01:02:37,201 --> 01:02:39,134
Anyway, we were all out

1223
01:02:39,203 --> 01:02:41,861
at the-- in Italy,
and we're all out at the bar.

1224
01:02:41,930 --> 01:02:43,932
He takes his hotel room key,

1225
01:02:44,001 --> 01:02:46,486
and he starts just going
down the line.

1226
01:02:46,555 --> 01:02:48,178
And you couldn't really hear
what he was saying,

1227
01:02:48,247 --> 01:02:50,076
but he would go up to
a female student and be, like...

1228
01:02:50,145 --> 01:02:51,940
[imitating indistinct
conversation]

1229
01:02:52,009 --> 01:02:53,804
And then he would
put the key on the table,

1230
01:02:53,873 --> 01:02:56,773
and they would all be, like,
"Yeah, yeah."

1231
01:02:56,842 --> 01:02:59,292
And they'd just flick the key
right back to him.Mm-hmm.

1232
01:02:59,361 --> 01:03:00,707
A couple of minutes
later,

1233
01:03:00,777 --> 01:03:02,882
he would sit down at the next
table with a, with a girl,

1234
01:03:02,951 --> 01:03:05,540
and he'd be, like, "Yeah,
so how are you doing?"

1235
01:03:05,609 --> 01:03:07,093
Key goes out on the table,

1236
01:03:07,162 --> 01:03:08,888
and every time, the girl
just was, like...

1237
01:03:08,957 --> 01:03:10,372
[scoffing]: "Yeah."

1238
01:03:10,441 --> 01:03:11,753
[chuckling]:
Slaps it right back at him.

1239
01:03:11,822 --> 01:03:13,065
But it didn't
deter him at all,

1240
01:03:13,134 --> 01:03:14,860
and he just went
to the next one, right?

1241
01:03:14,929 --> 01:03:16,102
Mm-hmm.

1242
01:03:16,171 --> 01:03:18,898
And he's obviously,
like, lecherous

1243
01:03:18,967 --> 01:03:20,866
and all that kind of stuff.

1244
01:03:20,935 --> 01:03:23,730
But I always, I was always
impressed with those women,

1245
01:03:23,800 --> 01:03:27,424
that they didn't seem
to take any...

1246
01:03:27,493 --> 01:03:29,253
They didn't take it in
on themselves.

1247
01:03:29,322 --> 01:03:30,289
They were just, like,

1248
01:03:30,358 --> 01:03:31,773
"Yeah, no, no, thanks."

1249
01:03:31,842 --> 01:03:33,119
Right, but it's also, like,

1250
01:03:33,188 --> 01:03:37,814
bad to, like, sort of
be proud of them for,

1251
01:03:37,883 --> 01:03:41,162
like, just laughing it off
and not making a big scene

1252
01:03:41,231 --> 01:03:44,544
about it, because, really,

1253
01:03:44,613 --> 01:03:47,478
someone should do that.Do you think
they should have?

1254
01:03:47,547 --> 01:03:50,481
But what we have
is a selection bias of,

1255
01:03:50,550 --> 01:03:52,967
all of the people
who make a big scene like that

1256
01:03:53,036 --> 01:03:55,624
are kicked out of science.

1257
01:03:55,693 --> 01:03:57,178
And so it's only the people who,
like...

1258
01:03:57,247 --> 01:03:58,593
[fake laughing]

1259
01:03:58,662 --> 01:04:02,597
...and push the card away
that actually are able to,

1260
01:04:02,666 --> 01:04:04,185
like, be the women who stay.

1261
01:04:04,254 --> 01:04:06,049
I see, yeah.

1262
01:04:06,118 --> 01:04:09,569
Imagine getting hit on
at a conference, and then,

1263
01:04:09,638 --> 01:04:11,813
like, someone else says,
"Hey, do you want to talk about

1264
01:04:11,882 --> 01:04:16,680
your poster over a beer
across the street?"

1265
01:04:16,749 --> 01:04:18,440
You think nothing of it, right?

1266
01:04:18,509 --> 01:04:21,202
You're, like, "I'll try to
ignore that being hit on

1267
01:04:21,271 --> 01:04:22,720
"earlier in the day.

1268
01:04:22,789 --> 01:04:25,551
"I'll go across the street,
have a beer with this, you know,

1269
01:04:25,620 --> 01:04:27,311
big-name guy."

1270
01:04:27,380 --> 01:04:30,004
And then you go across
the street,

1271
01:04:30,073 --> 01:04:31,798
and you have a beer
with this guy,

1272
01:04:31,868 --> 01:04:35,043
and then he hits on you, too.

1273
01:04:35,112 --> 01:04:40,669
And then you walk back
to your room with someone who,

1274
01:04:40,738 --> 01:04:43,707
you know, was your lab mate,
and they say,

1275
01:04:43,776 --> 01:04:45,467
"What did you think he wanted?

1276
01:04:45,536 --> 01:04:46,917
"Do you think he was interested

1277
01:04:46,986 --> 01:04:48,954
in talking about science
with you?"

1278
01:04:49,023 --> 01:04:51,163
[laughs]

1279
01:04:51,232 --> 01:04:52,543
How does that make you feel?

1280
01:04:52,612 --> 01:04:53,890
You know?Yeah, yeah, yeah.

1281
01:04:53,959 --> 01:04:58,515
And then you actually
have someone who, you know,

1282
01:04:58,584 --> 01:05:01,690
like, is, behaves completely
professionally,

1283
01:05:01,759 --> 01:05:03,623
values your opinion.

1284
01:05:03,692 --> 01:05:06,523
And then you have
some success in life,

1285
01:05:06,592 --> 01:05:09,319
and then that same lab mate
is, like,

1286
01:05:09,388 --> 01:05:10,837
"Oh, I know why she got that.

1287
01:05:10,907 --> 01:05:14,738
"She had a beer with the guy,
and then she probably

1288
01:05:14,807 --> 01:05:16,947
slept with him later on
that night."

1289
01:05:17,016 --> 01:05:20,088
And then, even though
nothing happened,

1290
01:05:20,157 --> 01:05:23,989
you've been hit on twice,
you didn't do anything wrong,

1291
01:05:24,058 --> 01:05:27,544
and now you have this reputation
for having some success

1292
01:05:27,613 --> 01:05:31,548
because you were seen
having a beer with someone.

1293
01:05:31,617 --> 01:05:35,207
That's the kind of crap that,
like, that second group

1294
01:05:35,276 --> 01:05:38,210
of people does.

1295
01:05:38,279 --> 01:05:40,488
♪

1296
01:05:40,557 --> 01:05:43,905
It's sort of, like, what is it?

1297
01:05:43,974 --> 01:05:46,908
A ton of feathers
is still a ton.

1298
01:05:51,809 --> 01:05:56,745
♪

1299
01:06:07,446 --> 01:06:11,657
[projector clicking]

1300
01:06:11,726 --> 01:06:15,626
♪

1301
01:06:15,695 --> 01:06:19,285
LEWIS:
Looking back on it, these
really, really capable women

1302
01:06:19,354 --> 01:06:23,945
are walking into a headwind
that I didn't have.

1303
01:06:24,014 --> 01:06:28,018
And sometimes they come up
against a real brick wall

1304
01:06:28,087 --> 01:06:33,679
in a guy like David Marchant.

1305
01:06:33,748 --> 01:06:35,784
♪

1306
01:06:35,853 --> 01:06:38,787
You know, I saw that Dave
was taking some special joy

1307
01:06:38,856 --> 01:06:41,445
in tormenting her,

1308
01:06:41,514 --> 01:06:43,378
calling her "Crazy Jane"
all the time.

1309
01:06:43,447 --> 01:06:45,001
"Hey, Crazy Jane, Crazy Jane."

1310
01:06:45,070 --> 01:06:48,176
And I think one of the reasons
that he got really into it

1311
01:06:48,245 --> 01:06:51,110
is that she really was good
at not showing

1312
01:06:51,179 --> 01:06:52,249
that it was bothering her.

1313
01:06:52,318 --> 01:06:55,356
So then he, he turned the dial
up.

1314
01:06:55,425 --> 01:06:56,978
Didn't seem like
it bothered her.

1315
01:06:57,047 --> 01:06:58,497
He turned the dial up.

1316
01:06:58,566 --> 01:06:59,981
Didn't seem like
it bothered her.

1317
01:07:00,050 --> 01:07:04,054
And so, I'll be honest,
I honestly did not...

1318
01:07:04,123 --> 01:07:05,469
I mean, I knew he was being
a dick.

1319
01:07:05,538 --> 01:07:08,369
I knew it, but it just didn't
seem to bother her.

1320
01:07:08,438 --> 01:07:10,888
She seemed to just laugh it off.

1321
01:07:14,444 --> 01:07:17,481
With the Dave and Jane thing,
it comes back to me.

1322
01:07:17,550 --> 01:07:19,414
Many, many other times
in my life,

1323
01:07:19,483 --> 01:07:21,865
I have jumped to the defense
of the weaker person.

1324
01:07:21,934 --> 01:07:23,211
But with Jane,

1325
01:07:23,280 --> 01:07:25,869
I didn't see it,
and it's just pure stupidity.

1326
01:07:25,938 --> 01:07:28,699
It was pure...

1327
01:07:28,768 --> 01:07:31,564
I just didn't open my eyes
to what was going on.

1328
01:07:31,633 --> 01:07:36,569
♪

1329
01:08:19,198 --> 01:08:21,476
♪

1330
01:08:21,545 --> 01:08:24,790
AZEEN GHORAYSHI:
I have reported on
sexual harassment

1331
01:08:24,859 --> 01:08:27,448
in the sciences since 2015.

1332
01:08:27,517 --> 01:08:30,209
The frustration with inaction
is, is why

1333
01:08:30,278 --> 01:08:33,039
we saw this wave of women
coming forward

1334
01:08:33,109 --> 01:08:36,008
to publicize their stories.

1335
01:08:36,077 --> 01:08:38,769
I don't think that most people's
first option is to,

1336
01:08:38,838 --> 01:08:41,255
you know, go to a reporter
and talk about the problems

1337
01:08:41,324 --> 01:08:43,395
they dealt with
as a graduate student, you know?

1338
01:08:43,464 --> 01:08:46,708
I think that very much happened
as a result of

1339
01:08:46,777 --> 01:08:50,333
a lot of other failures
in the, along the way.

1340
01:08:50,402 --> 01:08:54,613
Many of the women that I've
spoken to in the stories

1341
01:08:54,682 --> 01:08:56,166
that we've reported here

1342
01:08:56,235 --> 01:08:58,927
about sexual harassment
have left the field.

1343
01:08:58,996 --> 01:09:00,964
And they have said very clearly
that this is why

1344
01:09:01,033 --> 01:09:02,379
they've left the field.

1345
01:09:02,448 --> 01:09:05,693
That it was either
the experience itself,

1346
01:09:05,762 --> 01:09:10,318
or it was the process of trying
to do anything about it

1347
01:09:10,387 --> 01:09:12,872
that eventually made them throw
their hands up and be, like,

1348
01:09:12,941 --> 01:09:13,873
"Screw it.

1349
01:09:13,942 --> 01:09:15,220
"This is not...

1350
01:09:15,289 --> 01:09:16,738
I don't have to deal with this."

1351
01:09:16,807 --> 01:09:20,225
♪

1352
01:09:20,294 --> 01:09:21,881
[engines roaring]

1353
01:09:21,950 --> 01:09:24,539
REPORTER:
Liftoff of America's
first space shuttle.

1354
01:09:24,608 --> 01:09:26,886
And the shuttle has cleared
the tower.

1355
01:09:26,955 --> 01:09:31,097
WOMAN:
I was seven when the space
shuttle first went up.

1356
01:09:31,167 --> 01:09:32,892
I decided right then and there

1357
01:09:32,961 --> 01:09:34,894
that I wanted to be
an astronaut.

1358
01:09:34,963 --> 01:09:38,035
I don't think I realized
how obsessive I was about it.

1359
01:09:38,104 --> 01:09:41,142
It turns out most people
didn't spend their nights

1360
01:09:41,211 --> 01:09:45,181
listening to the same recordings
of all the Apollo missions,

1361
01:09:45,250 --> 01:09:46,354
you know, time after time.

1362
01:09:46,423 --> 01:09:47,597
ASTRONAUT:
2,500 feet.

1363
01:09:47,666 --> 01:09:49,046
MAN:
Clear.

1364
01:09:49,115 --> 01:09:51,635
WOMAN:
I just also loved science
in college.

1365
01:09:51,704 --> 01:09:53,568
I wanted to take
all the sciences, which I did,

1366
01:09:53,637 --> 01:09:57,814
like, took a class in
every science along the way.

1367
01:09:57,883 --> 01:09:59,402
I enjoyed a lot of
the other sciences,

1368
01:09:59,471 --> 01:10:01,300
but geology was my passion.

1369
01:10:01,369 --> 01:10:04,372
[cheers and applause]

1370
01:10:04,441 --> 01:10:06,547
One of the unspoken rules
was that you needed to have

1371
01:10:06,616 --> 01:10:08,894
either a PhD or be coming out of

1372
01:10:08,963 --> 01:10:10,930
the military as a pilot.

1373
01:10:10,999 --> 01:10:15,694
And so that's what put me on the
track of, "Must get my PhD."

1374
01:10:15,763 --> 01:10:19,594
PILOT:
Two, one, nose gear is ten feet.

1375
01:10:19,663 --> 01:10:21,424
WOMAN:
When I got the call back
from B.U.,

1376
01:10:21,493 --> 01:10:23,357
they said they would love
to have me.

1377
01:10:23,426 --> 01:10:26,222
I was admitted,
and I could work in the program

1378
01:10:26,291 --> 01:10:29,570
that I had applied to, but they
also had this new professor

1379
01:10:29,639 --> 01:10:30,847
who had just come in

1380
01:10:30,916 --> 01:10:36,059
and was going to be doing
Antarctic work.

1381
01:10:36,128 --> 01:10:39,925
So I was the first grad student
of Dave Marchant.

1382
01:10:39,994 --> 01:10:42,203
[traffic noise]

1383
01:10:42,272 --> 01:10:44,136
So I arrived in September.

1384
01:10:44,205 --> 01:10:45,379
In my second week,

1385
01:10:45,448 --> 01:10:48,105
Dave told me that he did not
want a woman

1386
01:10:48,174 --> 01:10:50,970
as a graduate student.

1387
01:10:51,039 --> 01:10:53,214
I said, "I don't have
a gender-neutral name,

1388
01:10:53,283 --> 01:10:57,460
so it was clear that I was
a woman when I was applying."

1389
01:10:57,529 --> 01:10:59,703
I can't remember exactly
what he said,

1390
01:10:59,772 --> 01:11:01,118
but it was more or less
that the department

1391
01:11:01,187 --> 01:11:02,775
had foisted me upon him.

1392
01:11:02,844 --> 01:11:07,642
My experience when I was in
Boston

1393
01:11:07,711 --> 01:11:10,714
was fairly atrocious,

1394
01:11:10,783 --> 01:11:12,923
but I really wasn't
mentally prepared

1395
01:11:12,992 --> 01:11:16,272
for what would happen when I
got down into Antarctica.

1396
01:11:16,341 --> 01:11:19,447
♪

1397
01:11:19,516 --> 01:11:24,210
It was bullying from day one.

1398
01:11:24,280 --> 01:11:26,212
He was using epithets
all the time,

1399
01:11:26,282 --> 01:11:28,663
"whore," "bitch."

1400
01:11:28,732 --> 01:11:30,596
And then I remember the first
time he called me [bleep].

1401
01:11:30,665 --> 01:11:35,256
Later on, he would tell me that
he did not believe that women

1402
01:11:35,325 --> 01:11:36,844
should be on the ice
in Antarctica,

1403
01:11:36,913 --> 01:11:41,400
and we're altering the science
on the ice for worse.

1404
01:11:41,469 --> 01:11:43,299
♪

1405
01:11:43,368 --> 01:11:45,991
In order to do scientific work
down in Antarctica,

1406
01:11:46,060 --> 01:11:47,889
you need to apply for funding

1407
01:11:47,958 --> 01:11:51,307
through the National Science
Foundation Polar Programs.

1408
01:11:51,376 --> 01:11:53,723
So there aren't alternate
sources for funding

1409
01:11:53,792 --> 01:11:55,311
if you want to do work there.

1410
01:11:55,380 --> 01:11:59,349
And part of how Dave
derived his authority

1411
01:11:59,418 --> 01:12:02,732
was because he helped to decide
who got the funding.

1412
01:12:02,801 --> 01:12:05,286
♪

1413
01:12:05,355 --> 01:12:08,082
It was the middle of the summer
in Antarctica,

1414
01:12:08,151 --> 01:12:09,704
and we walked outside
of the camp

1415
01:12:09,773 --> 01:12:11,706
because he indicated
that he had something

1416
01:12:11,775 --> 01:12:15,503
that he wanted to tell me.

1417
01:12:15,572 --> 01:12:19,369
He told me that he had decided
that I would have no future

1418
01:12:19,438 --> 01:12:21,785
in, in any polar studies,

1419
01:12:21,854 --> 01:12:26,549
and that they would make sure
that I got no funding.

1420
01:12:26,618 --> 01:12:28,413
My whole world
was disintegrating,

1421
01:12:28,482 --> 01:12:32,175
and then he, like, grinned at
me, and walked off.

1422
01:12:32,244 --> 01:12:36,352
And when we got back, I went to
the chair of the department

1423
01:12:36,421 --> 01:12:39,009
at the time, and explained
all the circumstances.

1424
01:12:39,078 --> 01:12:40,632
And it was a woman.

1425
01:12:40,701 --> 01:12:44,705
She was sitting behind a desk
in a fairly darkened room,

1426
01:12:44,774 --> 01:12:46,672
and it was a big wooden desk.

1427
01:12:46,741 --> 01:12:50,642
She said, "You can go through
this, but Dr. Marchant

1428
01:12:50,711 --> 01:12:51,919
"has a sterling reputation,

1429
01:12:51,988 --> 01:12:54,715
"brings a lot of money
into this department,

1430
01:12:54,784 --> 01:12:56,855
"and wouldn't it just be easier
if you just finished

1431
01:12:56,924 --> 01:12:59,823
a master's degree and left?"

1432
01:12:59,892 --> 01:13:03,931
And I was floored.

1433
01:13:04,000 --> 01:13:09,177
The department judged that
running one woman out of science

1434
01:13:09,246 --> 01:13:14,044
was much less of a hassle
than running a man out.

1435
01:13:15,632 --> 01:13:19,705
Leaving without a PhD meant not
applying to be an astronaut.

1436
01:13:19,774 --> 01:13:22,950
And it was the end of the dream
that I had had.

1437
01:13:23,019 --> 01:13:24,089
Who knows if I'd ever

1438
01:13:24,158 --> 01:13:26,781
actually have become
an astronaut?

1439
01:13:26,850 --> 01:13:29,266
But, if it was going to end,

1440
01:13:29,335 --> 01:13:33,305
I would have wanted it to end
on my terms.

1441
01:13:43,004 --> 01:13:45,593
HOPKINS:
For me, it was a conflict
that was never to be resolved,

1442
01:13:45,662 --> 01:13:49,045
even though I loved the science

1443
01:13:49,114 --> 01:13:50,495
that was happening.

1444
01:13:50,564 --> 01:13:53,187
So I just couldn't do it
any longer.

1445
01:13:53,256 --> 01:13:55,534
I was about 50, and I thought,

1446
01:13:55,603 --> 01:13:57,502
"There are two choices here,
either..."

1447
01:13:57,571 --> 01:14:01,298
I could retire, but I'm not rich
enough to retire,

1448
01:14:01,367 --> 01:14:02,886
and never work again.

1449
01:14:02,955 --> 01:14:04,923
There's no other thing I'd
rather do outside of science.

1450
01:14:04,992 --> 01:14:06,269
I just loved it.

1451
01:14:06,338 --> 01:14:09,237
Somehow, I-- this is worth
fighting for.

1452
01:14:09,306 --> 01:14:11,654
I'm going to fight enough
that I can go in the lab

1453
01:14:11,723 --> 01:14:13,725
and do an experiment,

1454
01:14:13,794 --> 01:14:16,935
and somebody's not going to come
and make it impossible for me

1455
01:14:17,004 --> 01:14:18,868
to do it, or ruin it after I
have done it,

1456
01:14:18,937 --> 01:14:21,042
or take all the credit for it
once it's done,

1457
01:14:21,111 --> 01:14:22,596
or make sure that
something bad...

1458
01:14:22,665 --> 01:14:26,323
I'm going to fight for that
because I just have to do this.

1459
01:14:26,392 --> 01:14:28,636
I want to be a scientist.

1460
01:14:28,705 --> 01:14:34,297
If you believe that passion
for science, ability in science

1461
01:14:34,366 --> 01:14:38,128
is evenly distributed
among the sexes,

1462
01:14:38,197 --> 01:14:39,475
if you don't have women,

1463
01:14:39,544 --> 01:14:42,443
you've lost half
the best people.

1464
01:14:42,512 --> 01:14:47,448
♪

1465
01:14:51,141 --> 01:14:55,042
Can we really afford to lose
those top scientists?

1466
01:14:55,111 --> 01:15:00,047
♪

1467
01:15:03,360 --> 01:15:06,122
BANAJI:
Often, people talk about
the cost to women.

1468
01:15:06,191 --> 01:15:08,020
For now, I want to put that
aside and just talk about

1469
01:15:08,089 --> 01:15:09,746
the cost to the world
of science.

1470
01:15:09,815 --> 01:15:12,404
I mean, how much are we costing
ourselves?

1471
01:15:12,473 --> 01:15:16,995
How many great discoveries
have just been lost

1472
01:15:17,064 --> 01:15:21,137
to us because we didn't have the
eyes to see?

1473
01:15:26,245 --> 01:15:29,214
REPORTER:
A study of the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology

1474
01:15:29,283 --> 01:15:32,182
was launched
by female faculty members

1475
01:15:32,251 --> 01:15:33,908
fed up with unequal treatment.

1476
01:15:33,977 --> 01:15:36,290
REPORTER:
At M.I.T., female professors
have been learning lessons

1477
01:15:36,359 --> 01:15:37,291
the hard way.

1478
01:15:37,360 --> 01:15:38,810
When the women compared notes,

1479
01:15:38,879 --> 01:15:41,295
they found they all had
similar problems.

1480
01:15:41,364 --> 01:15:43,746
That triggered
a five-year study.

1481
01:15:43,815 --> 01:15:46,162
What they found were
salary inequities,

1482
01:15:46,231 --> 01:15:47,681
lack of advancement...

1483
01:15:47,750 --> 01:15:49,303
McNUTT:
As the evidence
started coming in,

1484
01:15:49,372 --> 01:15:55,102
it was really clear that
there were major discrepancies.

1485
01:15:55,171 --> 01:15:59,071
CEYER:
On the average,
the laboratory space for women

1486
01:15:59,140 --> 01:16:04,249
was significantly less than
the laboratory space for men,

1487
01:16:04,318 --> 01:16:07,355
and it was clear that the women

1488
01:16:07,424 --> 01:16:11,221
were paid a lower salary
than the men.

1489
01:16:11,290 --> 01:16:15,571
ROYDEN:
M.I.T. was losing
female faculty hires

1490
01:16:15,640 --> 01:16:17,020
because of the childcare issue.

1491
01:16:17,089 --> 01:16:22,612
There was no childcare anywhere
in the central campus.

1492
01:16:22,681 --> 01:16:27,617
I think it took all of that to
make it comprehensible story.

1493
01:16:27,686 --> 01:16:30,620
♪

1494
01:16:30,689 --> 01:16:33,658
It came to be known
as the M.I.T. Report.

1495
01:16:33,727 --> 01:16:37,696
It was just a summary of what
we'd done with some data in it.

1496
01:16:37,765 --> 01:16:41,355
♪

1497
01:16:41,424 --> 01:16:43,150
I said, "We've got to ask
Chuck Vest if he'd like to

1498
01:16:43,219 --> 01:16:44,910
"put a comment to go
with the report.

1499
01:16:44,979 --> 01:16:47,292
We don't want anyone to think
that we blindsided them."

1500
01:16:47,361 --> 01:16:52,297
♪

1501
01:16:59,615 --> 01:17:02,756
ROBERT BROWN:
It was a long time
between the full report

1502
01:17:02,825 --> 01:17:04,896
and then the decision.

1503
01:17:04,965 --> 01:17:06,760
I would think it's almost
months.

1504
01:17:06,829 --> 01:17:09,417
Definitely weeks.

1505
01:17:09,486 --> 01:17:12,351
It was very complicated
for the university.

1506
01:17:12,420 --> 01:17:13,870
You have to, I think,
put this whole thing

1507
01:17:13,939 --> 01:17:15,769
in the context of a university

1508
01:17:15,838 --> 01:17:20,152
that really prided itself
on being a meritocracy.

1509
01:17:20,221 --> 01:17:21,740
♪

1510
01:17:21,809 --> 01:17:24,294
HOPKINS:
You thought no president
of any university

1511
01:17:24,363 --> 01:17:25,951
would ever understand,

1512
01:17:26,020 --> 01:17:27,850
much less acknowledge publicly.

1513
01:17:27,919 --> 01:17:33,890
He struggled with exactly
the criticism that I think

1514
01:17:33,959 --> 01:17:35,340
everyone knew we would get.

1515
01:17:35,409 --> 01:17:36,997
♪

1516
01:17:37,066 --> 01:17:40,966
HOPKINS:
But then something really
amazing happened.

1517
01:17:41,035 --> 01:17:43,313
He endorsed the report.

1518
01:17:43,382 --> 01:17:45,177
He wrote this comment,
which really is, I think,

1519
01:17:45,246 --> 01:17:47,801
the reason the M.I.T. Report
became so well-known.

1520
01:17:47,870 --> 01:17:49,319
"I have always believed

1521
01:17:49,388 --> 01:17:51,390
"that contemporary gender
discrimination

1522
01:17:51,459 --> 01:17:56,292
"within universities is part
reality and part perception,

1523
01:17:56,361 --> 01:18:00,089
"but I now understand
that reality is by far

1524
01:18:00,158 --> 01:18:03,748
the greater part
of the balance."

1525
01:18:03,817 --> 01:18:07,303
CEYER:
He came out and said,
"There has been discrimination,

1526
01:18:07,372 --> 01:18:09,443
"and there has been bias,

1527
01:18:09,512 --> 01:18:14,241
and we're going to go forward
and rectify this."

1528
01:18:14,310 --> 01:18:16,692
What the report made us do
is own the problem.

1529
01:18:16,761 --> 01:18:21,455
CEYER:
Because it was based on data,

1530
01:18:21,524 --> 01:18:23,215
you can't refute it.

1531
01:18:23,284 --> 01:18:25,873
♪

1532
01:18:25,942 --> 01:18:29,187
BROWN:
It was a ripple that, you could
feel that resonance,

1533
01:18:29,256 --> 01:18:31,707
and that's because it was real.

1534
01:18:31,776 --> 01:18:34,192
CEYER:
We all were amazed
at the response.

1535
01:18:34,261 --> 01:18:36,815
HOPKINS:
After the M.I.T. Report,
I was invited to give

1536
01:18:36,884 --> 01:18:39,197
so many talks,
and I went around the country,

1537
01:18:39,266 --> 01:18:41,199
and I met so many women

1538
01:18:41,268 --> 01:18:43,201
who had put so much time
into this problem.

1539
01:18:43,270 --> 01:18:47,515
McNUTT:
Women everywhere could
go to their department heads,

1540
01:18:47,584 --> 01:18:48,758
to their provosts,

1541
01:18:48,827 --> 01:18:51,450
and say,
"Why are we not doing this?"

1542
01:18:51,519 --> 01:18:52,797
And they did.

1543
01:19:10,918 --> 01:19:15,785
BHATIA:
The last 20 years for me
have been

1544
01:19:15,854 --> 01:19:20,583
sort of a slow continuous
change.

1545
01:19:20,652 --> 01:19:22,585
I was a graduate student
at M.I.T. in the '90s.

1546
01:19:22,654 --> 01:19:25,761
I was one of very few women.

1547
01:19:25,830 --> 01:19:29,212
And then when I came back to be
on the faculty of 2005,

1548
01:19:29,281 --> 01:19:30,455
every step of the way,

1549
01:19:30,524 --> 01:19:32,595
someone has been quietly
watching my salary,

1550
01:19:32,664 --> 01:19:34,942
making sure that it was equal.

1551
01:19:35,011 --> 01:19:38,325
So I have benefited from
the work that they did.

1552
01:19:38,394 --> 01:19:41,811
And I try to do, you know,
that for the next generation.

1553
01:19:44,365 --> 01:19:48,991
BROWN:
It was a turning point for me
as a university administrator.

1554
01:19:49,060 --> 01:19:53,650
I remember going to a meeting
of provosts not long after that

1555
01:19:53,719 --> 01:19:56,205
and getting browbeat by a number
of provosts--

1556
01:19:56,274 --> 01:19:58,586
I'm not going to say who--

1557
01:19:58,655 --> 01:20:01,555
who said,
"It's not in my institution."

1558
01:20:04,075 --> 01:20:05,317
There still is bias.

1559
01:20:05,386 --> 01:20:08,665
People still have implicit bias
and explicit bias.

1560
01:20:08,734 --> 01:20:11,634
You know, these are
tough societal problems,

1561
01:20:11,703 --> 01:20:14,257
and you can't lose the energy,

1562
01:20:14,326 --> 01:20:18,710
because you won't solve
the problem unless you build in,

1563
01:20:18,779 --> 01:20:22,093
you know,
systematic structural change

1564
01:20:22,162 --> 01:20:27,132
that can keep working
over a long timeframe.

1565
01:20:31,619 --> 01:20:32,586
WOMAN:
Nancy, hi!

1566
01:20:32,655 --> 01:20:34,001
How are you, Nancy?

1567
01:20:34,070 --> 01:20:36,348
So good to see you.
How are you?

1568
01:20:36,417 --> 01:20:38,834
I can't remember the last time
I saw you.

1569
01:20:38,903 --> 01:20:41,146
How are you, how are you?
Good to see you.

1570
01:20:41,215 --> 01:20:44,046
You're wearing
a different costume!

1571
01:20:44,115 --> 01:20:47,739
Oh, so good to see you.Nancy, this is such a
crazy thing.

1572
01:20:47,808 --> 01:20:50,604
HOPKINS:
It took that group
working together

1573
01:20:50,673 --> 01:20:52,192
to take this problem on.

1574
01:20:52,261 --> 01:20:54,021
It really couldn't have
been done otherwise.

1575
01:20:54,090 --> 01:20:56,852
MALANOTTE-RIZZOLI:
Sylvia, myself, Penny,

1576
01:20:56,921 --> 01:20:59,061
Nancy, Vicki.

1577
01:20:59,130 --> 01:21:00,303
We were much younger.

1578
01:21:00,372 --> 01:21:01,857
[laughter]

1579
01:21:01,926 --> 01:21:02,961
CHISHOLM:
Everyone was.

1580
01:21:03,030 --> 01:21:06,206
20 years.

1581
01:21:06,275 --> 01:21:09,485
You know, this kind of thing
takes somebody who's passionate,

1582
01:21:09,554 --> 01:21:10,831
who's willing to give
their life to it,

1583
01:21:10,900 --> 01:21:12,074
and who has tremendous courage.

1584
01:21:12,143 --> 01:21:13,385
The first toast

1585
01:21:13,454 --> 01:21:16,699
is to Nancy, and the second
toast is to all of us.

1586
01:21:16,768 --> 01:21:20,565
[laughter, chatter]

1587
01:21:20,634 --> 01:21:23,085
If you go back and read
the things that we wrote,

1588
01:21:23,154 --> 01:21:24,569
they're brilliant!

1589
01:21:24,638 --> 01:21:29,367
[laughter]

1590
01:21:29,436 --> 01:21:32,853
♪

1591
01:21:38,721 --> 01:21:39,998
BURKS:
So we are in Quebec City

1592
01:21:40,067 --> 01:21:43,691
for the Canadian Chemical
Society meeting.

1593
01:21:43,760 --> 01:21:46,522
I am speaking at the meeting.

1594
01:21:46,591 --> 01:21:47,764
I always get really, really
nervous.

1595
01:21:47,833 --> 01:21:50,733
A skosh of it might be
impostor syndrome,

1596
01:21:50,802 --> 01:21:53,425
which a lot of people get.

1597
01:21:53,494 --> 01:21:54,737
But I also think part of it

1598
01:21:54,806 --> 01:21:59,535
is the expectations sometimes
for speakers

1599
01:21:59,604 --> 01:22:02,227
from historically marginalized
groups are higher.

1600
01:22:02,296 --> 01:22:03,953
[indistinct chatter]

1601
01:22:04,022 --> 01:22:05,782
WOMAN:
"The Washington Post,"
"Chemistry World,"

1602
01:22:05,851 --> 01:22:07,129
and "Scientific American"

1603
01:22:07,198 --> 01:22:09,786
have all featured her
pop-culture chemistry writing.

1604
01:22:09,855 --> 01:22:11,409
And if you haven't yet checked
out her blogs

1605
01:22:11,478 --> 01:22:15,965
and podcasts, they make really
excellent content for lectures.

1606
01:22:16,034 --> 01:22:18,864
Please join me in welcoming Dr.
Raychelle Burks to the stage.

1607
01:22:18,934 --> 01:22:24,594
[applause]

1608
01:22:24,663 --> 01:22:25,630
BURKS:
So I want to kick off my talk

1609
01:22:25,699 --> 01:22:27,908
by first talking about
code-switching.

1610
01:22:27,977 --> 01:22:30,807
So how many folks are familiar
with code-switching?

1611
01:22:30,876 --> 01:22:33,258
And so it's a linguistic term.

1612
01:22:33,327 --> 01:22:37,021
Oftentimes in linguistics, it's
considered between languages.

1613
01:22:37,090 --> 01:22:39,609
Definitely when you're learning
a new language, right?

1614
01:22:39,678 --> 01:22:42,198
But in the last ten to 15 years,
this has really been expanded,

1615
01:22:42,267 --> 01:22:43,406
and this is actually

1616
01:22:43,475 --> 01:22:45,270
a great visual of what
code-switching is.

1617
01:22:45,339 --> 01:22:48,273
So look at how he's doing
this handshake...

1618
01:22:48,342 --> 01:22:50,724
And then with Durant, right?

1619
01:22:50,793 --> 01:22:52,070
There's a familiarity there.

1620
01:22:52,139 --> 01:22:54,279
You code-switch, right?

1621
01:22:54,348 --> 01:22:55,763
If you're at work,

1622
01:22:55,832 --> 01:22:58,766
talking to your colleagues,
talking to the dean, or at home,

1623
01:22:58,835 --> 01:23:00,665
you switch your styles.

1624
01:23:00,734 --> 01:23:01,907
You may also switch
your language.

1625
01:23:01,977 --> 01:23:03,426
Even though we all do it,

1626
01:23:03,495 --> 01:23:05,290
the historically marginalized
do it sometimes

1627
01:23:05,359 --> 01:23:07,189
for a different reason, right?

1628
01:23:07,258 --> 01:23:10,709
We do it because we're told
in implicit and explicit ways

1629
01:23:10,778 --> 01:23:13,057
that basically everything
you are,

1630
01:23:13,126 --> 01:23:14,851
from the top of your head
to the bottom of your toes,

1631
01:23:14,920 --> 01:23:16,405
needs to change.

1632
01:23:16,474 --> 01:23:19,201
Your hair, your "ethnic dress,"

1633
01:23:19,270 --> 01:23:22,859
your mannerisms, they got to go,
right?

1634
01:23:22,928 --> 01:23:24,344
And we often do it

1635
01:23:24,413 --> 01:23:27,209
by calling it "professional"

1636
01:23:27,278 --> 01:23:29,521
or "professional standards,"
right?

1637
01:23:29,590 --> 01:23:32,697
And what we need to realize
is that our so-called

1638
01:23:32,766 --> 01:23:35,424
professional standards
or professionalism,

1639
01:23:35,493 --> 01:23:37,736
who got to decide that?

1640
01:23:37,805 --> 01:23:41,257
Who got to make those rules,
right?

1641
01:23:41,326 --> 01:23:43,501
'Cause I don't recall
making a rule that my hair

1642
01:23:43,570 --> 01:23:45,123
needed to be straight.

1643
01:23:45,192 --> 01:23:47,677
And I have absolutely been told,
you know,

1644
01:23:47,746 --> 01:23:49,334
"Before you go to that talk,

1645
01:23:49,403 --> 01:23:52,475
are you going to make your hair
look more professional?"

1646
01:23:52,544 --> 01:23:54,512
K through 12, college,

1647
01:23:54,581 --> 01:23:56,893
graduate school,

1648
01:23:56,962 --> 01:23:58,240
and now we hear this
kind of thing.

1649
01:23:58,309 --> 01:23:59,551
"Science is apolitical," right?

1650
01:23:59,620 --> 01:24:01,139
"It's objective."

1651
01:24:01,208 --> 01:24:03,659
"It's free from bias where only
the best rise to the top."

1652
01:24:03,728 --> 01:24:07,214
And I did believe that, okay?

1653
01:24:07,283 --> 01:24:09,044
And maybe there are some of you
sitting in the audience

1654
01:24:09,113 --> 01:24:11,149
that are, like,
"No, that's absolutely true.

1655
01:24:11,218 --> 01:24:12,668
And I refuse to hear
differently."

1656
01:24:12,737 --> 01:24:16,706
And it's not true, because
science is a human endeavor,

1657
01:24:16,775 --> 01:24:18,812
and that means that it contains
and is subject to

1658
01:24:18,881 --> 01:24:22,264
all of our brilliance
and all of our bias.

1659
01:24:22,333 --> 01:24:25,301
And we tend to focus on the
brilliance part, but remember,

1660
01:24:25,370 --> 01:24:28,097
there's an "and bias."

1661
01:24:28,166 --> 01:24:32,515
This is advice that I've gotten,
and I'm passing it on.

1662
01:24:32,584 --> 01:24:33,827
Take care of yourself.

1663
01:24:33,896 --> 01:24:35,380
Take care of you,
take care of others.

1664
01:24:35,449 --> 01:24:40,005
You cannot do everything
on your own.

1665
01:24:40,075 --> 01:24:43,043
You need enough of your allies,
well positioned,

1666
01:24:43,112 --> 01:24:45,045
to make something happen.

1667
01:24:45,114 --> 01:24:47,530
It's about doing.

1668
01:24:47,599 --> 01:24:49,394
The correction requires action.

1669
01:24:49,463 --> 01:24:52,190
We can do better,
we can get better,

1670
01:24:52,259 --> 01:24:54,537
and we will be better together.

1671
01:24:54,606 --> 01:24:56,574
Thank you.

1672
01:24:56,643 --> 01:24:59,887
[applause]

1673
01:24:59,956 --> 01:25:05,997
♪

1674
01:25:20,391 --> 01:25:22,289
Awesome.

1675
01:25:22,358 --> 01:25:25,775
There you go.Perfect.

1676
01:25:25,844 --> 01:25:28,847
WILLENBRING:
So we're going to take a sample,
take it back to the lab,

1677
01:25:28,916 --> 01:25:33,921
and crush it, and then we do all
kinds of things to it.

1678
01:25:33,990 --> 01:25:35,958
[chuckles]

1679
01:25:36,027 --> 01:25:39,341
You'll take that tiny little
powder that you end up with,

1680
01:25:39,410 --> 01:25:42,792
and you'll pack that into a
little target

1681
01:25:42,861 --> 01:25:46,313
that you send to the accelerator
mass spectrometer,

1682
01:25:46,382 --> 01:25:48,798
and the whole sample that you
end up with

1683
01:25:48,867 --> 01:25:50,593
is, like, the head of a pin.

1684
01:25:50,662 --> 01:25:51,629
Sometimes we use

1685
01:25:51,698 --> 01:25:54,114
kilograms of samples,

1686
01:25:54,183 --> 01:25:57,497
and we'll end up with just this
little tiny thing

1687
01:25:57,566 --> 01:26:00,431
that will disappear if you
sneeze, so we don't do that.

1688
01:26:00,500 --> 01:26:03,158
[laughter]

1689
01:26:03,227 --> 01:26:07,679
WILLENBRING:
One of my goals in mentoring is

1690
01:26:07,748 --> 01:26:12,305
to be someone that I needed
when I was younger.

1691
01:26:12,374 --> 01:26:13,823
All right, so do we measure
or should we keep going?

1692
01:26:13,892 --> 01:26:15,170
WILLENBRING:
Maybe a little bit
more.

1693
01:26:15,239 --> 01:26:17,068
[hammering]

1694
01:26:17,137 --> 01:26:18,690
WOMAN:
Jane's a great adviser.

1695
01:26:18,759 --> 01:26:21,831
She really is somebody who I can
admire and look up to

1696
01:26:21,900 --> 01:26:26,871
and take as a role model
in many different ways.

1697
01:26:26,940 --> 01:26:29,045
WILLENBRING:
Oh, that's the money
right there.

1698
01:26:29,114 --> 01:26:31,151
Ah, perfect.

1699
01:26:31,220 --> 01:26:33,947
WILLENBRING:
If you hit it
a couple of more times.

1700
01:26:34,016 --> 01:26:37,364
♪

1701
01:26:37,433 --> 01:26:40,540
I think about what would have
led the faculty committee

1702
01:26:40,609 --> 01:26:46,270
to have come to that decision
to let him back on.

1703
01:26:46,339 --> 01:26:49,963
They said that he would be able
to resume his normal activities

1704
01:26:50,032 --> 01:26:52,552
after a certain period of time.

1705
01:26:52,621 --> 01:26:54,968
So I was in sort of disbelief.

1706
01:26:58,109 --> 01:27:02,665
But the president, fortunately,
thought something different.

1707
01:27:02,734 --> 01:27:04,011
BROWN:
I'm Bob Brown.

1708
01:27:04,080 --> 01:27:07,049
I'm president of Boston
University,

1709
01:27:07,118 --> 01:27:09,362
and before that, was provost
at M.I.T.

1710
01:27:09,431 --> 01:27:14,746
♪

1711
01:27:14,815 --> 01:27:17,024
NEWS REPORTER:
Boston University has fired
a professor

1712
01:27:17,093 --> 01:27:18,888
accused of sexual harassment.

1713
01:27:18,957 --> 01:27:20,545
In a letter to the faculty
Friday,

1714
01:27:20,614 --> 01:27:22,582
B.U. president Robert Brown
announced

1715
01:27:22,651 --> 01:27:25,067
that after a 13-month
investigation,

1716
01:27:25,136 --> 01:27:27,172
the board of trustees voted to
terminate

1717
01:27:27,242 --> 01:27:29,036
Dr. David Marchant's employment.

1718
01:27:29,105 --> 01:27:32,247
WILLENBRING:
When I heard the news,

1719
01:27:32,316 --> 01:27:35,388
I was a little bit conflicted,
because on the one hand,

1720
01:27:35,457 --> 01:27:37,148
it was great that he was fired

1721
01:27:37,217 --> 01:27:39,357
and wouldn't be able to do
anything

1722
01:27:39,426 --> 01:27:43,258
to other female trainees.

1723
01:27:43,327 --> 01:27:48,608
But on the other hand,
in so many cases,

1724
01:27:48,677 --> 01:27:52,474
there's not that justice
that happens.

1725
01:27:53,475 --> 01:27:54,924
[Sylvie speaks indistinctly]

1726
01:27:54,993 --> 01:27:57,444
[Willenbring laughs]

1727
01:27:57,513 --> 01:28:01,621
A lot of people,
especially male scientists,

1728
01:28:01,690 --> 01:28:04,348
you know, when they heard about
my story,

1729
01:28:04,417 --> 01:28:07,730
I received a diversity
of responses.

1730
01:28:07,799 --> 01:28:09,732
Some people avoided eye contact.

1731
01:28:09,801 --> 01:28:14,496
Some people wanted to have
nothing to do with me.

1732
01:28:14,565 --> 01:28:18,534
Some people wanted to talk about
it and ask what they could do,

1733
01:28:18,603 --> 01:28:20,260
which I think
is a great response.

1734
01:28:23,919 --> 01:28:27,440
One thing that's been really
impressive has been

1735
01:28:27,509 --> 01:28:31,685
how much people have wanted
to make change as a result.

1736
01:28:34,688 --> 01:28:37,450
The Science and Technology
Committee opened an inquiry.

1737
01:28:37,519 --> 01:28:42,351
They were shocked that someone
who'd been harassing women

1738
01:28:42,420 --> 01:28:45,665
for decades had received
millions of dollars

1739
01:28:45,734 --> 01:28:49,047
in National Science Foundation
funding.

1740
01:28:49,116 --> 01:28:50,842
BARBARA COMSTOCK:
The Committee on Science, Space,
and Technology

1741
01:28:50,911 --> 01:28:52,982
will come to order.
[gavel raps]

1742
01:28:53,051 --> 01:28:55,364
And I now recognize Dr. Clancy
for five minutes

1743
01:28:55,433 --> 01:28:57,193
to present her testimony.

1744
01:28:57,262 --> 01:29:00,093
We scientists do this work
because we want to give

1745
01:29:00,162 --> 01:29:03,199
the best of ourselves to the
advancement of science.

1746
01:29:03,268 --> 01:29:05,616
Women keep trying to give us
their best,

1747
01:29:05,685 --> 01:29:08,998
and we blow ash in their faces
and push them down mountains.

1748
01:29:09,067 --> 01:29:11,380
The way we've tried to fix this
problem isn't working.

1749
01:29:11,449 --> 01:29:13,796
We have decades of evidence
to prove it.

1750
01:29:13,865 --> 01:29:15,695
Let's move away from a culture
of compliance

1751
01:29:15,764 --> 01:29:17,386
and towards a culture of change.

1752
01:29:17,455 --> 01:29:20,182
♪

1753
01:29:35,128 --> 01:29:37,820
♪

1754
01:29:45,207 --> 01:29:49,004
HOPKINS:
Despite all the progress,
and it's tremendous progress,

1755
01:29:49,073 --> 01:29:52,870
women still grapple
with these problems.

1756
01:29:52,939 --> 01:29:55,424
People had never really looked
at the data

1757
01:29:55,493 --> 01:29:58,013
in the way that we looked at it
as a committee.

1758
01:29:58,082 --> 01:30:01,844
So I kept memos,
just copies of memos.

1759
01:30:01,913 --> 01:30:04,847
And what's astonishing to me
when I look at all of this

1760
01:30:04,916 --> 01:30:07,919
is the amount of time
and the amount of work

1761
01:30:07,988 --> 01:30:10,612
that went into doing this,

1762
01:30:10,681 --> 01:30:12,855
asking people to come
to meetings

1763
01:30:12,924 --> 01:30:16,031
and the amount of effort it took
to try to see...

1764
01:30:16,100 --> 01:30:18,136
And I think about, you know...

1765
01:30:18,205 --> 01:30:21,795
it makes me realize, you know,
that at the time,

1766
01:30:21,864 --> 01:30:23,832
I was spending 20 hours a week
or something on this

1767
01:30:23,901 --> 01:30:26,628
and then doing my job
the rest of the time.

1768
01:30:26,697 --> 01:30:28,008
It makes me sad.

1769
01:30:28,077 --> 01:30:29,216
It really does.

1770
01:30:29,285 --> 01:30:31,978
You know, you sort of wonder
in your life,

1771
01:30:32,047 --> 01:30:33,980
would you have done it
differently?

1772
01:30:34,049 --> 01:30:36,707
And, gosh, I don't know.

1773
01:30:36,776 --> 01:30:38,363
I couldn't have lived without
science,

1774
01:30:38,433 --> 01:30:40,227
but I wouldn't live through this
again, I'll tell you.

1775
01:30:40,296 --> 01:30:41,884
So I don't know what the answer
should have been,

1776
01:30:41,953 --> 01:30:43,092
would have been.

1777
01:30:43,161 --> 01:30:44,508
I still don't know.

1778
01:30:44,577 --> 01:30:49,167
It can still... Even now, just,
just thinking about it,

1779
01:30:49,236 --> 01:30:52,308
you know, that it was this way.

1780
01:30:52,377 --> 01:30:54,241
Such a waste of time and energy,

1781
01:30:54,310 --> 01:30:56,071
when all you wanted to do
was be a scientist.

1782
01:30:56,140 --> 01:30:58,211
What on Earth?

1783
01:30:58,280 --> 01:31:01,007
♪

1784
01:31:10,844 --> 01:31:13,951
Look at the talent
of these women.

1785
01:31:14,020 --> 01:31:18,749
This is what you lose when you
do not solve this problem.

1786
01:31:18,818 --> 01:31:21,924
♪

1787
01:31:23,926 --> 01:31:26,170
And that's really what it's
about.

1788
01:31:26,239 --> 01:31:29,069
It's about the science.

1789
01:31:29,138 --> 01:31:32,038
♪